Wednesday marks 84 years since the November pogrom "Kristallnacht" or the Night of Broken Glass. The Night of Broken Glass Reviews. To accommodate so many new prisoners, the concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen were expanded. "[61] Less than 24 hours after Kristallnacht, Adolf Hitler made a one-hour long speech in front of a group of journalists where he completely ignored the recent events on everyone's mind. They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. Distraught that his parents had been deported from Germany along with 17,000 Polish-born Jews, Grynszpan hoped his desperate crime would bring attention to the growing persecution of European Jews. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." [9] British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. During the week, he napped in a sunny corner of Mitzi Stein's dress shop and begged scrapped from Moshe the butcher. The Night of Broken Glass marked a turning point in the, zi war against the Jews. This, plus his ensuing anti-Semitic comments, permanently stained his status as an American hero. Hitlers right hand man. Fire companies stood by synagogues in flames with explicit instructions to let the buildings burn. I saw fashionably dressed women clapping their hands and screaming with glee, while respectable middle-class mothers held up their babies to see the 'fun'. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Eventually, under Hitlers read more, Ethnic cleansing has been defined as the attempt to get rid of (through deportation, displacement or even mass killing) members of an unwanted ethnic group in order to establish an ethnically homogenous geographic area. Around the time of Kristallnacht, the SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps called for a "destruction by swords and flames." This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. [32], The next day, the German government retaliated, barring Jewish children from German state elementary schools, indefinitely suspending Jewish cultural activities, and putting a halt to the publication of Jewish newspapers and magazines, including the three national German Jewish newspapers. The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. The German government made an immediate pronouncement that the Jews themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million US dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community. C. salon By the end of 1938, Jews were prohibited from schools and most public places in Germanyand conditions only worsened from there. They described the actions as justifiable and spontaneous responses of the German population to the assassination of a German diplomatic official, Ernst vom Rath, in Paris. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: The swine wont commit another murder. Rath died two days later from his wounds, and Hitler attended his funeral. New York 1 multimedia journalist Colleen Hagerty reported in this story about the program: NY1: Wagner College remembers Kristallnacht Watch on read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. "[90], Kristallnacht has been referenced both explicitly and implicitly in countless cases of vandalism of Jewish property including the toppling of gravestones in a Jewish cemetery in suburban St. Louis, Missouri,[91] and the two 2017 vandalisms of the New England Holocaust Memorial, as the memorial's founder Steve Ross discusses in his book, From Broken Glass: My Story of Finding Hope in Hitler's Death Camps to Inspire a New Generation. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. "Night of Broken Glass" is an original, inspirational, inclusive and collaborative musical theatre production commemorating the 80th anniversary of Kristallnacht as seen through the eyes of Indigenous human rights activist, William Cooper. 1 / 15. kristalnacht. Being a Jew is not a crime, Grynszpan said. The background of the pogrom was signified by a sharp cleavage of interests between the different agencies of party and state. In May 1933, the writings of Jewish and other un-German authors were burned in a communal ceremony at Berlins Opera House. By 1938, Germany "had entered a new radical phase in anti-Semitic activity". But one night in Berlin, the Nazis changed everything. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. WATCH: Third Reich: The Rise on HISTORY Vault. Walter, dressed in a Nazi uniform, arrived at Max's house and told him he had to leave immediately to escape arrest. NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS - The Washington Post By Patricia Brennan November 6, 1988 The night of Nov. 9, 1938, was cold in Germany and Austria, and so was the message Adolf Hitler sent to Jews. Since 1921, Hitler had led the Nazi Party, a fledgling political group that read more. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Sweep the area as clean as possible after the larger broken pieces are picked up. Kristallnacht (krstl-nkht) [Ger.,=night of crystal], in German history, the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a night of violence against Jews and of destruction of the businesses and other property belonging to them. Click the card to flip . The site, the size of four football fields, contained an extensive array of personal and ceremonial items looted during the riots against Jewish property and places of worship on the night of 9 November 1938. Shot and killed Ernst Von Rath. Define genocide. British Library.9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish Museum Berlin.Breckinridge Long. On Thursday, Nov. 14, Wagner College marked the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," with a luncheon lecture by Reni Hanau, a survivor of the Nazi terror. Already living illegally in Paris himself, a desperate Grynszpan apparently sought revenge for his family's precarious circumstances by appearing at the German embassy and shooting the diplomatic official assigned to assist him. The Nazi Party leadership, assembled in Munich for the commemoration, chose to use the occasion as a pretext to launch a night of antisemitic excesses. The 17-year-old German refugee had just learned that his Polish-Jewish parents, along with thousands of other Jews, had been herded read more, The systematic persecution of German Jewry began with Adolf Hitlers rise to power in 1933. 63 terms. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht (Crystal Night or the Night of Broken Glass), some 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps. A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. Jews could no longer gain admittance to German theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls. Shortly before Kristallnacht, U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh toured Germany and was given a medal by Hermann Gring, commander of the German air force. On the night of November 9-10, 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property throughout Germany and Austria. Among the items found were glass bottles engraved with the Star of David, mezuzot, painted window sills, and the armrests of chairs found in synagogues, in addition to an ornamental swastika. Use any sturdy box as long as it will not weigh more than 25 pounds when full. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the, on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies., At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after, Despite the increasing threat faced by Jews living under Nazi rule in Germany and Austria, President Roosevelt knew that he would not be able to persuade Congress to reconsider, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. Gilbert, Martin. No other story about the persecution of the Jews received such widespread and sustained attention from the American press at any other time during the Nazi era. He went on to explain: "The German people are anti-Semitic. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labor) concentration camps. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. [21] In a 1997 interview, the German historian Hans Mommsen claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the Gauleiters of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses. The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. At the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of 27 October 1938: "Then they took us in police trucks, in prisoners' lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they took us to the railway station. After he was taken to the office of Nazi diplomat Ernst vom Rath, Grynszpan fired five bullets at Vom Rath, two of which hit him in the abdomen. Standard 7 Vocabulary. [18] Many sought asylum abroad; hundreds of thousands emigrated, but as Chaim Weizmann wrote in 1936, "The world seemed to be divided into two partsthose places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter. The Night of Broken Glass, or Kristallnacht, was a pogrom against the Jews by the Nazi Party's dread Sturmabteilung (SA) on November 9-10, 1938. A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. The turning point. "[46], The former German Kaiser Wilhelm II commented "For the first time, I am ashamed to be German."[47]. However, Life magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. Members of many units wore civilian clothes to support the fiction that the disturbances were expressions of 'outraged public reaction.'. The Night Of Broken Glass is based on some of those events that led up to the trial of Herschel Grynzspan, named Herschel Green in the play. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the Sudeten crisis, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a Czech actress, Lda Baarov. E ighty years ago, on the night of Nov. 9-10, 1938 known as Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass synagogues were set on fire, store windows were smashed and Jewish homes broken into in . Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. A more obscured reason was the anti-Semitic views held by various officials in the U.S. State Department. During the Holocaust, the Night of the Broken Glass occurred; A night of terror for many Jewish people changing the lives of them all. But police arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] ()) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] ()), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German . But another event Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass" on Nov. 9-10, 1938, which preceded the ghettos, deportations and gas chambers, is still seared into the collective Jewish . [24] In the so-called "Polenaktion", more than 12,000 Polish Jews, among them the philosopher and theologian Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, and future literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki were expelled from Germany on 28 October 1938, on Hitler's orders. [72] A Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 and was sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died after a few days. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. Kristallnacht: Night Of Broken Glass Kristallnacht happened on the evening and early morning of November ninth and tenth of 1938. W ha t wa s Kri s t a l l na c ht ? Police records of the period also document a high number of rapes and of suicides in the aftermath of the violence. A few days earlier, German authorities had expelled thousands of Jews of Polish citizenship living in Germany from the Reich; Grynszpan had received news that his parents, residents in Germany since 1911, were among them. In it, Schwarzenegger said the rampage was America's "Night of Broken Glass" - referring to the Kristallnacht of 1938 when shards of broken glass littered the streets of Nazi Germany after the . [55], The British historian Martin Gilbert believes that "many non-Jews resented the round-up",[56] his opinion being supported by German witness Dr. Arthur Flehinger who recalls seeing "people crying while watching from behind their curtains". The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men. [1] This event was known as "Kristallnacht" a.k.a "The Night of Broken Glass". [69], To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. Broken glass. Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht? Historians have noted that after the pogrom, anti-Jewish policy was concentrated more and more concretely into the hands of the SS. Shards of glass littered the streets. The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. Jewish cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many regions. He also recalled Hugh Wilson, his ambassador to Germany. The Nuremberg Laws, passed in September 1935, decreed that only Aryans could be full German citizens. [36], Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses. He was at work at the German embassy in Paris when Herschel Grynszpan, a read more, Our synagogue is burning! Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky dropped the phone and ran to his place of worship. Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. Leaving behind shattered glass and shattered lives, the event came to be called Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass.. BethanyMilby. Cuti Sekolah. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. On this day, on 9 November 1938, commenced 48-hours of 'Kristallnacht', also known as 'The night of broken glass' or 'November Progroms'. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. Updates? Kristallnacht, (German: "Crystal Night") , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 9-10, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. "I'm Revier 16 (In precinct No. Guardian archive image of Goebbels foreign press conference: Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Bttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). Kristallnacht was a turning point in the beginning of the Nazi Holocaust. During the pogrom, some 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. Product Details. antique, Identify the word that is not related in meaning to the other words in the set. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination. siriequinox. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. The Nazi government barred Jews from schools on November 15 and authorized local authorities to impose curfews in late November. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after the vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. November 1938 | ZbE", "The deportation of Regensburg Jews to Dachau concentration camp", "Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin", "NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS", http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700, "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany", "Post-War Justice Sites of the Novemberpogrom 1938 in Innsbruck", "Millionaire Apologizes for Comparing Progressives to Nazis, Says His Watch Is Worth a '6-Pack of Rolexes', "Tom Perkins: Billionaire venture capitalist ridiculed after writing letter comparing the treatment of rich Americans to the Holocaust", "Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen', "St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post", "Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer - The Boston Globe", "Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka", "Schwarzenegger compares Capitol mob violence to Kristallnacht destruction by Nazis in viral video", "Schwarzenegger rebukes Trump and compares Capitol riot to Kristallnacht", "KFC apologises after German Kristallnacht promotion", "Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht", "The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Kristallnacht", "Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 910, 1938", "Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&oldid=1142342439, Durance, Jonathan. [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. TTY: 202.488.0406. Synagoguesburned throughout the night. In the United States, for instance, it was this specific incident which came to symbolize Nazism and it was also the reason as to why the Nazis became associated with evil. On the 1st of April 1933, the SA organized a boycott of all Jewish shops and businesses. View the list of all donors. "[58], The extent of the damage done on Kristallnacht was so great that many Germans are said to have expressed their disapproval of it, and to have described it as senseless. According to Eugene Davidson the reason for this was that Hitler wished to avoid being directly connected to an event that he was aware that many of those present condemned, regardless of Goebbels's unconvincing explanation that Kristallnacht was caused by popular wrath. 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