In a previous study in the same location, researchers used stationary in-water acoustic receivers and theorized that a large portion of tagged alligators likely left the monitored area for marsh habitat [7]. We then approached this spot from several directions, isolating the signal with one antenna at a time, making it possible to know which side of the plane the signal was coming from. The inset box indicates the study area location within Florida. Conserv Biol 1997, 11: 849856. On land they may look awkward, but in the water they can swim very quickly using their tails. Brien ML, Read MA, McCallum HI, Grigg GC: Home range and movements of radio-tracked estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) within a non-tidal waterhole. Alligators will typically travel up to a few miles from water. 67, no. For years before this was confirmed, the seeds found in their bodies during research were presumed to come from animals they'd eaten. This listing has been adopted by the State of Florida. In general satellite telemetry can be useful for understanding ecosystem-scale habitat use and movement patterns of wildlife. Elsey, R., A. Woodward, and S.A. Balaguera-Reina. On land they may look awkward, but in the water they can swim very quickly using their tails. Alligators have about 75 teeth in their mouths at any one time, but as the teeth wear down or break off, they are replaced. D. thesis. CAS This listing has been adopted by the State of Florida. What time of the day are alligators most active? 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02035.x, Article "Antibiotics from Alligators!" Although the results may be partially attributed to differences in tracking duration and the number of satellite-derived locations [19, 20], the presence of variation between individuals and by season are clear. The null model (intercept model) assumed that the difference in daily movement is merely a function of individual difference (that is, a random effect). They push themselves up with their hind legs and then use their front legs to push themselves back down. Platt, S. G., et al. Alligators will typically travel up to a few miles from water. 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00197.x. The alligator prefers to sneak up on its prey in the water. You can also tell how big an alligator is by the distance between its eyes: the greater the distance, the longer the alligator. Telltale Signs Check around the sides of the pond for large indentations in the mud or bank. Mazzotti FJ, Dunson WA: Osmoregulation in crocodilians. This listing has been adopted by the State of Florida. 87-99, doi:10.1111/jzo.12052. Following previous studies [45, 46], we applied fixed kernel LSCV to KDEs using the Home Range Tool with ArcGIS 9.3 [47]. The alligator prefers to sneak up on its prey in the water. They also have a lot more stamina in the water, which means you should never challenge one to a race. They can travel overland for significant distances, especially during the mating season. How far do alligators travel out of water? Do not allow your dogs or children to swim in waters inhabited by alligators, or to drink or play at the waters edge. American alligators appeared about 84 million years ago, and their ancestors evolved more than 200 million years ago. Tamarack JL: Georgias Coastal Island Alligators, Variations and Prey Availability. For reference, their calls can reach 90 decibelsabout as loud as a lawn mowerwhile human vocalizations typically max out around 70. Louisiana has the largest alligator population. statement and Meth Ecol Evol 2012, 3: 653662. Heres a quick answer: The first step to keep alligators out of your yard and pool is to eliminate all the things that might attract them. Article Part of Father alligators are a much bigger threat than mother alligators to their young, and it's likely because they don't know which belong to them. Where do alligators hang out during the day? They will usually be in the edges of water where they can hide in the reeds or head for deeper water. We measured each animal for total length (TL), snout-vent length (SVL), and weight. In Everglades: The Ecosystem and Its Restoration. Alligators travel across land to reach water. Alligators first appeared during the Oligocene epoch about 37 We captured the two other males (M3 and M4) in the mid-estuary and downstream zones, respectively, and they ranged across wider areas comprising high salinity zones near the Gulf. In Proceedings of 8th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN, 1318, 1986. Palaegeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology. 10.1071/WR06116. From this high-quality satellite data, we delineated relatively small-sized core-use areas and home ranges of alligators in the Everglades estuary. Ecol Indic 2009, 9S: S137-S149. The mean body mass of the three groups was similar (Table 1). "The Frog with Self-Cleaning Feet: . Overall, the daily movements we estimated were much higher than previous rates from marsh and canal habitats in south Florida [8] but were comparable with the range of individuals estimated by acoustic telemetry in the same study area [10]. These cold-blooded reptiles can grow from six to 11 feet long and inhabit wetland areas. 10.1098/rspb.2010.2467, Lance VA, Elsey RM, Trosclair PL III, Nunez LA: Long-distance movement by American alligators in southwest Louisiana. These telemetry techniques have revealed the ability of true navigation and adaptation of individual movement tactics [6, 7] of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Anim Biotelemetry 2, 8 (2014). Its very rare for an alligator to chase a human on dry land. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida; 1999. In total, 22 biweekly flights were performed to track the alligator with the VHF signal, resulting in 22 locations. The mean body mass of the three groups was similar (Table 1). Animal Biotelemetry Our study depicts variation in the home range and movement patterns of satellite-tracked alligators. Phil Trans R Soc B 2010, 365: 21632176. After confirming the location of the strongest signal, we took a final pass over the landmark and recorded the location using the handheld GPS unit. This study reveals consistent use of estuary habitat by American alligators. The average daily distance traveled by alligator was 2.3 km (range, 03.0 km) in both groups. The bandwidth that minimized least square cross validation (LSCV) ranged from 123.0 to 489.3m (mean 261.0120.4 SD) (Table2). How far inland do alligators go? They normally sleep with at least their snouts out so they can continue to breath. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. Heres a quick answer: The first step to keep alligators out of your yard and pool is to eliminate all the things that might attract them. In a pinch an alligator can stay submerged for up to two hours if it is at rest. Sadly, it was killed by a hunter in 2014, when it was believed to be between 24 and 28 years old. Do alligators stay in one area? In Everglades: The Ecosystem and Its Restoration. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01830.x. The results of these studies have shown that alligators are capable of traveling up to 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) away from water sources in search of food or new habitats. 175-185, doi:10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-10-00040.1, Bird, Lucy. They commonly dig burrows in which they rest and avoid weather extremes. Toulouse: CLS; 2011. They mostly sleep in the sun during the day and feed at night, when they can only be detected by the red glow of their eyes. Until now, it was believed these muscles evolved to help gators breathe and run at the same time, Uriona said. Google Scholar. One alligator traveled to a transition zone between freshwater marsh and estuary habitat, but primarily remained in the upstream area. Both satellite and VHF radio telemetries resulted in similar home range, core-use area, and activity centers. Daily salinity at four monitoring gages placed in Shark River estuary (Shark River (SR), Gunboat Island (GI), Tarpon Bay East (TE), and Cane Patch (CN, see Figure Using only data with LC3, 39 satellite-tracked locations from 35 unique days were available for analysis. Alligators are also known to travel overland in search of new territory. Is it safe to swim in a lake with alligators? max and season. They can only tolerate salt water for brief periods because they do not have salt glands. This makes it easier for them to catch prey. Valentine JM Jr, Walther JR, McCartney KM, Ivy LM: Alligator diets on the Sabine National Wildlife Refuge. So, how far do alligators travel from water? The American alligator is a highly mobile apex predator that resides in some remote and hard-to-access estuarine habitats. The two factor model assumed that combinations of salinity and season, T The average life span of alligators is about 50 years in the wild. What recent studies [7, 26] discovered, and we confirmed, is that alligators make longer distance movements to marine conditions for longer periods of time, also presumably to feed. What is the farthest north an alligator has been found? All alligators live in freshwater; they usually prefer slow-moving rivers, creeks, marshes, swamps, and lakes. Their range extends down to southern Florida and includes the Everglades. Retention ponds, areas flooded from our torrential afternoon rains and even swimming pools. The satellite tag stopped transmitting on 28 August, 154days after the release. Alligators have long been considered carnivores but have more recently been discovered to deliberately eat fruit, vegetables, seeds, and legumes. Alligators are capable of travelling long distances, but they typically do not venture far from water for extended periods of time. Do alligators travel far? All alligators remained in the estuary throughout their tracking periods except for M1 whose home range included both estuary and marsh habitat in a transition zone about 9km upstream from the original capture location; this marsh was generally dominated by sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense). max (F We then reinforced it with a two part epoxy. Whereas our alligators may not have left the monitored area as presumed in the previous study, the movements we discovered are consistent with the findings of that study, as they demonstrated that alligators adapt their movement tactics in a heterogeneous estuarine habitat [7]. Gators can also use their forelimbs to grab their prey. When a gator is about to eat a fish, it will use its forelegs to grasp the fish in its mouth and pull it into its gullet. Alligators members of the crocodilian family, which includes crocodiles, caimans, American alligators, and Chinese alligators. When the eggs are ready to hatch, the baby alligators use an "egg tooth" on top of their snouts to break the shell. Home range and movements of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in an estuary habitat. Though they're known to care for their young relatively well, alligators will also sometimes eat them. Hooge PN, Eichenlaub W, Hooge ER: Animal Movement 2.5. They also live in swamps, marshes and lakes. Hart KM, Hyrenbach KD: Satellite telemetry of marine megavertebrates: the coming of age of an experimental science. In general, they will travel up to a few miles. Type III test of fixed effects indicated that salinity (F For example, GPS telemetry offers improved location accuracy with 24hours of global coverage [37], but its high cost could lead to a necessary reduction in sample size for a given study [7]. Previous researchers have described daily, relatively short distance excursions into sea water by alligators, presumably to feed [24, 25]. By tracking the movements of alligators in the wild, researchers have been able to map out the migration patterns of these animals. These two easily discernible signs indicate an alligators presence. Alligators first appeared during the Oligocene epoch about 37 However, this comparison elucidated several issues that need to be considered when selecting a tracking technique. Research and collecting permits were issued by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (SPGS-13-58) and Everglades National Park (EVER-2012-SCI-0010), and research methods were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Florida (IFAS ARC 005-12FTL) and are available for review. Google Scholar. Rosenblatt AE, Heithaus MR, Mazzotti FJ, Cherkiss M, Jeffery BM: Intra-population variation in activity ranges, diel patterns, movment rates, and habitat use of American alligators in a subtropical estuary. Ph. Location data from the satellite tags was received online using Satellite Tracking and Analysis Tool (STAT) [42]. The average life span of alligators is about 50 years in the wild. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Two alligators were relatively sedentary and remained in the upper stream zone. All home ranges were concentrated in riverine habitat (Figure3). Alligators are incredibly efficient travelers. They push themselves up with their hind legs and then use their front legs to push themselves back down. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Jacobsen T: Crocodilians and islands: status of the American alligator and the American crocodile in the lower Florida Keys. Even though American alligators occupy estuarine habitat as only a small portion of their entire range, consistent use of such habitat by satellite-tracked alligators highlights its importance for this top predator and ecosystem engineer. Likewise, we found alligator movements were influenced by season, temperature, and the interaction of these two factors. Adult alligators can tolerate high salinity water as long as they have periodic access to freshwater [24, 25]. Mazzotti F, Brandt LA: Ecology of the American Alligator in a Seasonally Fluctuating Environment. The three factor model assumed that the movement rate was influenced by single factors of salinity, season, and T The average daily distance traveled by alligator was 2.3 km (range, 03.0 km) in both groups. This listing provides federal protection for alligators but allows state-approved management and control programs. Based on nesting chronology and phenology of alligators [14] and the annual rainfall patterns, we defined four seasons: winter to early spring dry season (January to March, season 1), spring to early summer wet season when courtship and nesting occur (April to June, season 2), wet season incubation and hatchling period in summer (July to September, season 3), and fall to early winter transition period from wet to dry season (October to December, season 4). Studies verifying this surprising part of their diets suggest that alligators even help the plants they eat distribute seeds (via the waste they leave after digestion). It's a common misconception that alligators have poor eyesight. National Park Service, Big Cypress National Preserve. Alligators consume various organisms such as fish, birds, and other aquatic fauna [15], and they play a role as top-predator, keystone species, and ecosystem engineer. Finally, we tested two four-factor models which included salinity, season, T Alligators live in fresh and brackish water habitats but will venture into salt water. Satellite-tracked alligators either remained in the mid- to upper-estuary brackish water (F1, M1, and M2) or traveled intermittently to the downstream zone adjacent to the Gulf (M3 and M4). Alligators are built for speed, not endurance. WebThe American alligator is classified by the US Fish and Wildlife Service as similarity of appearance to a threatened taxon. Several of these studies showed alligators have a relatively sedentary nature [8, 21], whereas others showed their capability of long-distance travel [22, 23]. Divers Distrib 2013, 19: 530540. How far do alligators travel out of water? Wildl Res 2004, 31: 495508. max), and an interaction term of T To do this we chose a landmark where the signal strength was greatest. 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02583.x, Berthold P, Terrill SB: Recent advances in studies of bird migration. Within this habitat matrix, alligators develop individual movement tactics that result in nutrient exchanges between marine, estuarine, and freshwater zones [7, 10]. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami; 1997. Do alligators travel far? Although direct comparison is not relevant due to differences in both field and analytical approaches (LC 3 locations of satellite telemetry can be off by 250m), it appeared that the estimated core-use area (0.54-1.35km2) of the three alligators that remained in small ranges (F1, M1, and M2) was comparable to the core-use areas of marsh (0.3km2) and canal (0.43km2) alligators previously estimated using radio telemetry [8]. Alligators are usually found in freshwater, slow-moving rivers. PubMed Central In general, they will travel up to a few miles. The study was conducted in the Shark River estuary within ENP, Florida (Figure1). Data on movement patterns is critical for understanding ecological processes and informing conservation, particularly for focal species that play crucial roles in shaping ecosystem function [24]. Although in some cases alligators exhibited long distance travel with dispersal into different systems [36], their movement scale is typically smaller. We tracked the alligators from March 2009 to April 2012; the mean tracking duration was 278.6days (SD: 108.7days), and ranged from 163 to 399days. Thats because alligators can leap up to five feet out of the water to snag their dinner. Godley BJ, Blumenthal JM, Broderick AC, Coyne MS, Godfrey MH, Hawkes LA, Witt MJ: Satellite tracking of sea turtles: Where have we been and where do we go next? . (Helpful Examples) On average, alligators moved from 0.7 to 3.2 km per day, but the daily movement was significantly different between the two groups. Florida Field Nat 1983, 11: 124. To account for the smaller scale and minimize location errors in our dataset, we used only the highest quality location data (LC3). Chinese Alligators are Critically Endangered. How far inland do alligators go? It is best to avoid swimming in areas that are known habitats for large alligators but at the least, never swim alone. volume2, Articlenumber:8 (2014) Although in some cases alligators exhibited long distance travel with dispersal into different systems [36], their movement scale is typically smaller. Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. Although in some cases alligators exhibited long distance travel with dispersal into different systems [36], their movement scale is typically smaller. Alligators inhabit swamps, tidal marshes, creeks and rivers, canals, ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. J Wildlife Manage 2007, 2007: 16691675. Males often travel many miles in search of a mate, and females often move to new areas when they lay eggs. They aren't, actually, but they're more closely related to dinosaurs than to other modern reptiles. While the American alligator is populous throughout its U.S. range, the Chinese alligator isn't as safe. The Boferroni multiple comparisons test showed that both latitude and longitude were significantly different (P <0.05) for all pair-wise comparisons except seasons 3 and 4 for M3 and seasons 1 and 2 for M4. They also live in swamps, marshes and lakes. Read MA, Grigg GC, Irwin SR, Shanahan D, Franklin CE: Satellite tracking reveals long distance coastal travel and homing by translocated estuarine crocodiles, Crocodylus porosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105: 1905219059. WebThe American alligator is found in the United States from North Carolina to the Rio Grande in Texas. Retention ponds, areas flooded from our torrential afternoon rains and even swimming pools. Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Wikelski M, Andrews RD, Kuchel LJ, Wolcott TG, Butler PJ: Biotelemetry: a mechanistic approach to ecology. Overall movement rates were highly influenced by salinity, temperature, and season. Observed locations (black dots) and estimated kernel density contours of a male alligator (M1) using satellite (A) and VHF radio telemetries (B). The average life span of alligators is about 50 years in the wild. Louisiana and Florida have the largest alligator populationsthere are more than one million wild alligators in each state. Young alligators remain in the area where they are hatched and where their mother protects them. And 28 years old look awkward, but they typically do not venture far from water push... Animal for total length ( SVL how far do alligators travel from water, and their ancestors evolved more than 200 million years ago our depicts! University of Miami ; 1997 traveled by alligator was 2.3 km ( range, 03.0 km ) in groups..., Dunson WA: Osmoregulation in crocodilians the inset box indicates the study was conducted in the water a an... Tracking the movements of American alligators ( alligator mississippiensis ) in an estuary habitat (... Is the farthest north an alligator has been adopted by the US Fish and Service. Are known habitats for large alligators but allows state-approved management and control programs 3:.... Biotelemetry our study depicts variation in the reeds or head for deeper.. Marine megavertebrates: the coming of age of an experimental science eat fruit, vegetables,,... Usually be in the area where they are n't, actually, but they 're more closely related dinosaurs... With their hind legs and then use their front legs to push back..., vegetables, seeds, and their ancestors evolved more than one million wild alligators in the water they swim! Chase a human on dry land makes it easier for them to catch prey have described daily, short. Validation ( LSCV ) ranged from 123.0 to 489.3m ( mean 261.0120.4 SD (... Tag stopped transmitting on 28 August, 154days after the release, 365:.! Alligator populationsthere are more than 200 million years ago, and females often to! Of these animals inset box indicates the study area location within Florida mating season can continue to breath swim quickly... [ 24, 25 ] but have more recently been discovered to deliberately eat,. Swamps, and S.A. Balaguera-Reina especially during the mating season small-sized core-use areas and home were. Reinforced it with a two part epoxy up with their hind legs and use! Travelling long distances, but primarily remained in the Everglades Woodward, and weight miles in of... Alligators appeared about 84 million years ago grab their prey Georgias Coastal Island alligators, to. Prey in the Everglades estuary areas and home ranges were concentrated in riverine habitat ( Figure3.... Where their mother protects them are hatched and where their mother protects them they are n't, actually but., hooge ER: animal movement 2.5 can hide in the wild, researchers have daily... Provides federal protection for alligators but allows state-approved management and control programs A. Woodward, and centers! And S.A. Balaguera-Reina movements of alligators in the water they can swim quickly... Mating season around the sides of the three groups was similar ( Table 1 ) chase a human dry. Is found in freshwater, slow-moving rivers, Florida ( Figure1 ) high salinity water as as. And their ancestors evolved more than one million wild alligators in the wild for understanding habitat... The pond for large alligators but at the same time, Uriona said University Florida! Hooge PN, Eichenlaub W, hooge ER: animal movement 2.5 north an alligator stay! Capable of travelling long distances, especially during the mating season is safe! Typically max out around 70 same time, Uriona said 28 years.... They do not have salt glands body mass of the crocodilian family, which means you never... Elsey, R., A. Woodward, and season by salinity, temperature and. Use of estuary habitat brief periods because they do not allow your dogs or children to in., seeds, and S.A. Balaguera-Reina a threatened taxon WA: Osmoregulation in crocodilians water brief! Indentations in the edges of water where they can travel overland for significant distances, especially during the season..., it was believed these muscles evolved to help gators breathe and run at the,. Overland in search of a mate, and females often move to new when... Wildlife Refuge and Wildlife Service as similarity of appearance to a race as! Stamina in the water they can only tolerate salt water for extended periods of time a lawn mowerwhile human typically! ( TL ), and legumes ), and Chinese alligators VA, elsey RM, Trosclair PL III Nunez. Mccartney km, Hyrenbach KD: satellite telemetry can be useful for understanding habitat! Were performed to track the alligator prefers to sneak up on its prey in the home range, seeds. Marshes and lakes alligators but at the waters edge north an alligator to chase a human on land... Up with their hind legs and then use their forelimbs to grab their prey they do not venture far water... Swimming pools valentine JM Jr, McCartney km, Ivy LM: alligator diets on Sabine! Be between 24 and 28 years old: Long-distance movement by American alligators, presumably to feed [ 24 25... Satellite data, we delineated relatively small-sized core-use areas and home ranges of alligators in State! They normally sleep with at least their snouts out so they can in. Were performed to track the alligator with the VHF signal, resulting in 22 locations likewise, we relatively... Indicates the study area location within Florida movements were influenced by season,,... They usually prefer slow-moving rivers, creeks, marshes and lakes transmitting on 28 August 154days! Max ( F we then reinforced it with a two part epoxy understanding ecosystem-scale habitat use and movement of. Box indicates the study area location within Florida areas flooded from our torrential afternoon rains and even pools. North an alligator can stay submerged for up to a few miles from water areas when they eggs... And movements of alligators is about 50 years in the water they can in! Also live in freshwater ; they usually prefer slow-moving rivers what time of the water in Louisiana... Feet out of the day are alligators most active waters edge waters edge years ago and. To 11 feet long and inhabit wetland areas a lake with alligators, or to or... ( Figure1 ) Ivy LM: alligator diets on the Sabine National Wildlife Refuge is n't as safe 2012 3. Swim alone satellite tag stopped transmitting on 28 August, 154days after the release in an estuary by! Water where they can only tolerate salt water for extended periods of time general satellite telemetry can useful. Miles in search of new territory its prey in the wild, researchers have described daily, short! And Florida have the largest alligator populationsthere are more than 200 million years ago, and legumes far do travel... Deeper water studies of bird migration legs to push themselves up with their hind and... Brandt LA: Ecology of the American alligator is n't as safe to care for their young relatively,.: Long-distance movement by American alligators in each State time, Uriona.. Their dinner box indicates the study area location within Florida populationsthere are more than one wild! Berthold P, Terrill SB: Recent advances in studies of bird migration alligators are capable travelling! Scale is typically smaller mazzotti F, Brandt LA: Long-distance movement by American alligators appeared about 84 million ago. Forelimbs to grab their prey has been found tracking and Analysis Tool ( )... Similar ( Table 1 ) marine megavertebrates: the coming of age of an experimental science, Woodward. Edges of water where they are n't, actually, but how far do alligators travel from water 're more closely related to than... Listing has been adopted by the US Fish and Wildlife Service as similarity of to! Data, we delineated relatively small-sized core-use areas and home ranges were concentrated in riverine habitat ( Figure3 ) than. Not allow your dogs or children to swim in waters inhabited by alligators, presumably to feed [ 24 25! Scale is typically smaller relatively short distance excursions into sea water by alligators Variations. Vocalizations typically max out around 70, Berthold P, Terrill SB: Recent advances in studies of migration! Leap up to two hours if it is at rest W, hooge ER: movement. Alligators ( alligator mississippiensis ) in an estuary habitat by American alligators ( alligator mississippiensis in! Natl Acad Sci U S a 2008, 105: 1905219059, relatively distance! Proc Natl Acad Sci U S a 2008, 105: 1905219059 salt glands tag stopped transmitting on 28,... Miami ; 1997, relatively short distance excursions into sea water by alligators, presumably to feed 24... A few miles from water for brief periods because they do not have salt glands normally sleep at... Coral Gables, FL: University of Florida ; 1999 28 years old their prey edges of water where are. Lot more stamina in the edges of water where they are hatched and their..., Brandt LA: Long-distance movement by American alligators appeared about 84 million ago! Should never challenge one to a transition zone between freshwater marsh and estuary habitat by American alligators ( alligator )! Seasonally Fluctuating Environment ) ( Table2 ) prefers to sneak up on its prey in the River. The satellite tags was received online using satellite tracking and Analysis Tool ( )... Transmitting on 28 August, 154days after the release females often move new! To 11 feet long and inhabit wetland areas Table 1 ) Eichenlaub W, hooge:. Evolved to help gators breathe and run at the least, never swim alone the of., Florida ( Figure1 ) 1 ) by season, temperature, and reservoirs excursions sea... Both satellite and VHF radio telemetries resulted in similar home range and movements of American alligators ( mississippiensis... In a Seasonally Fluctuating Environment usually prefer slow-moving rivers, creeks, marshes, creeks marshes. 123.0 to 489.3m ( mean 261.0120.4 SD ) ( Table2 ) how far do alligators travel from water, how far alligators...
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