What is being used when this occurs? d. a movement from d to b along curve $\text{T}_1$. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Table Fresh Foods purchased a machine to package its presliced garden salads. What was the total of required taxes on Marc's pay? They all follow the Legislative Guide for Drafting Family and Juvenile Courts. National Personal Autonomy: Definition & Examples, The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution, United Arab Emirates: Government, Language & Religion, U.S. Policy on Contemporary Environmental Issues, What is a Pre-Existing Condition? &\textbf{Total}&\textbf{Federal Income}\\ If a juvenile waives the right to a jury trial, such a waiver should either be made in writing or orally on the record. Jaime was pulled over last night and consequently booked for driving under the influence of alcohol. False; Not all, just type 1 crimes such as murder, rape, robbery Waivers left to the sole decision-making authority of juvenile court judges are called: Tisha is a licensed real estate agent in Texas. Each has its own criteria to be met, depending on the state that the particular case is in. According to behaviorism, what is the proper subject matter of psychology? \bullet It may state that no jurors are needed and to call back. _____2. 1. PeriodMarchFirstQuarterTotalEarnings$21,640.0063,180.00FederalIncomeTaxWithheld$1,395.00. Juvenile jurisdiction extends to juveniles accused of committing a delinquency or a status offense. Age-Crime Curve is formed from the statistical count of the number of known crimes committed in a population over a given period mapped according to_____ . It must be separated from statutory exclusion, where particular offenses are excluded from juvenile jurisdiction altogether. Which constitutional amendment forbids cruel and unusual punishment? Juveniles can be waived or transferred to adult criminal court depending on specific criteria. Legislative exclusion does, in fact, exclude juveniles below a certain age (based on the statute of that state) from being tried as a juvenile. _____8. For establishing eligibility for SIJ classification, a juvenile court is a court in the United States that has jurisdiction under state law to make judicial determinations about the dependency and/or custody and care of juveniles. 82 lessons. children. The following information will help you understand who these people are and what they do. Which of the following types of waivers is in place here? To update your state's information, email the national office. Not all cases are transferred to criminal court; the offense itself and the juvenile's individual circumstances will play a part in the decision. Assuming all of her electrical needs are met by the new system and neglecting possible revenue when the system is. All of these are types of juvenile waivers except: . - Definition & Shortage, What Is Medicare? Please contact the jury clerk at (541) 682-5013.At the beginning of your service period, call the jury recording at 541.396.8372 x 25022 after 6:00 P.M. ( Curry County: 541.373.6894 x 27015 ). Which of the following was permitted in this case? Georgina is a prosecuting attorney who specializes in handling cases where juveniles have been accused of committing serious crimes. Substitute College Police Officer . Elderly inmates do not need to be handcuffed. Reverse waiver- go back to juvenile courst. Machinery What is the amount of equity on December 31, 2019? (1) If a juvenile 14 years of age or older is accused of an act that if committed by an adult would be a felony, the judge of the family division of circuit court in the county in which the offense is alleged to have been committed may waive . . Were devised by souther states to prevent newly freed african american slaves from being able to fully participate in social/economic and life. In recent yearsm the number of minorities working in corrections has. . After careful deliberation, though, she decided that it was appropriate to sentence him to five years in a correctional facility. With a discretionary waiver, the burden of proof is on the state, and a preponderance of the evidence is typically required to prove one's case. A formal hearing and guidelines . $$ ; "Jurisdictional Boundaries," supra. Which of the following is TRUE of the sealing of juvenile records? B. A term that refers to the differences between groups of people based on culture is: Columbus, mistakenly believing he was in india, named this group of people in error: A ______ allows prosecutors to decide to file some cases in either juvenile or adult court. Which of the following is NOT a key reform associated with the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA)? a. Shelley, a judge in New York, deals with many types of cases on a daily basis. What is the amount of equity on December 31, 2018? Use this data to test (=.01(\alpha=.01(=.01.) lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. In the custody hearing between him and his ex-wife the judge ruled in favor of his ex-wife, granting her full custody of their two children and giving him rights of visitation just every other weekend and one night each week. The juvenile will be tried as an adult and will be denied whatever protections may exist in juvenile proceedings. The following model was fit to data collected on 11,121 forecasts: E(y)=0+1x1+2x2+3x3E(y)=\beta_{0}+\beta_{1} x_{1}+\beta_{2} x_{2}+\beta_{3} x_{3}E(y)=0+1x1+2x2+3x3, where, x1={1x_{1}=\{1x1={1 if the analyst worked for a buy-side firm, 0 if the analyst worked for a sell-side firm }\}}, x2=x_{2}=x2= number of days between forecast and fiscal year-end (i.e., forecast horizon), x3=x_{3}=x3= natural logarithm of the number of quarters the analyst had worked with the firm. c. Virtually no petitioned cases result in juveniles being adjudicated delinquent Extended jurisdiction allows a judge to commit a juvenile to a correctional facility beyond the age of 18. Marc Bishop worked 181818 hours last week at a dry cleaning store at a pay rate of $6.65\$ 6.65$6.65 an hour. This website helped me pass! Studies have shown that, compared to juveniles adjudicated in juvenile courts, those waived to the adult court are ____ to recidivate. 2015, c.89, accomplished the following: 1. designates an ethnic group that spans many races and nations of origin, to the point that it may not be descriptive. Commissions earned The reporter compared prices for vegetables sold by these stands with vegetables sold by her supermarket: In almost every case, Chinatowns prices were less than half what I would pay at the supermarket. Closing entries are performed annually on December 31. Another case concerned which parent would have custody over a child. \text { Dividends } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 800 & \\ \qquad\text{Liabilities}&\text{\hspace{5pt}24,500}&\text{\hspace{5pt}21,500}&\text{\hspace{10pt}9,000}&\text{\hspace{5pt}40,000}&\underline{\text{\hspace{15pt}?\hspace{15pt}}}\\[5pt] There are three different types of waivers that affect decisions in juvenile court. Once a waiver has been filed, the juvenile court no longer has jurisdiction over the case. Because Marcus, the prosecuting attorney, was in the position of deciding whether or not to try the accused 17-year-old as a juvenile or as an adult, he knew this case had which of the following? the skin color and features of a group of people are referred to as, the genotyping of the whole human race indicates that our species likely originated in. Each state has its own definition of delinquency Adult Justice System | Overview, Differences & Similarities, Types & Benefits of Juvenile Correction Alternatives, Criminal Justice 101: Intro to Criminal Justice, Intro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review, Criminal Justice 104: Introduction to Criminology, SAT Subject Test Biology: Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test Mathematics Level 1: Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test Mathematics Level 2: Practice and Study Guide, Science 102: Principles of Physical Science, Psychology 108: Psychology of Adulthood and Aging, Political Science 102: American Government, Create an account to start this course today. Extends the time to file a waiver motion from 30 to 60 days, arguably reducing the number of waivers filed then subsequently withdrawn; 4. The _______ doctrine is the hesitancy of the judiciary to interfere with the management and administration of prisons, State statutes that cause convicts to lose the right to vote, to hold public office, and even to marry are referred to as. Terms in this set (16) Types of Juvenile waivers/transfers. Clear and convincing evidence requires more than a preponderance of the evidence but less than evidence proving guiltiness beyond a reasonable doubt. His employer must pay these legally required taxes on Marc's pay: 7.65%7.65\%7.65% FICA; unemployment tax, 3.4%3.4 \%3.4%; worker's compensation, 0.5%0.5 \%0.5%. \qquad\text{Assets}&\text{\hspace{5pt}58,000}&\text{\hspace{5pt}40,000}&\underline{\text{\hspace{15pt}?\hspace{15pt}}}&\text{\hspace{5pt}85,000}&\text{\hspace{5pt}113,000}\\ This is the case in 14 states. \text {Office supplies expense } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 1,130 & \\ Why are reverse waivers different from any other type of juvenile waiver? The double standard in cross-gender searches is justified on all of the following assumptions except. A judicial waiver occurs when a juvenile court judge transfers a case from juvenile to adult court in order to deny the juvenile the protections that juvenile jurisdictions provide. according to the Census Bureau, the number of people below the poverty level has been steadily increasing (CNN, September 16, 2010). \bullet - Definition, Eligibility & Coverage, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. It seems fairly clear that Inmates around the country are getting older. \text{December 31, 2018}\\ A. \text {Prepaid rent } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 1,200 & \\ $$ That likelihood was even higher for those serving longer sentences. What is the amount of equity on December 31, 2018? ), TOUCHTONETALENTAGENCYUNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCEDECEMBER31,2011DebitsCreditsCash$14,950Feesreceivable35,300Prepaidrent1,200Unexpiredinsurancepolicies375Officesupplies900Officeequipment15,000Accumulateddepreciation:officeequipment$12,000Accountspayable15,00Notespayable(due3/1/12)6,000Incometaxespayable3,200Unearnedagencyfees8,000Capitalstock20,000Retainedearnings10,800Dividends800Agencyfeesearned46,500Telephoneexpense480Officesuppliesexpense1,130Depreciationexpense:officeequipment2,750Rentexpense6,100Insuranceexpense1,175Salariesexpense24,640Incometaxesexpense3,200Totals$108,000$108,000\begin{array}{|cc} b. In summary, as it relates to juvenile waivers, P.L. Because they waive juveniles from adult criminal courts back to juvenile courts It is not surprising to learn, then, that there is a strong sense of entitlement felt by this group about wanting the best in my life and thinking they deserve it, While conventional wisdom has been that the elderly is at the greatest risk of becoming the victims of crime, research has consistently shown that they have the lowest rates of actual victimization, CRIM 103 Cultural Awareness Quiz Number One (, Chapters 14 through 18 criminalistics an intr, Accumulateddepreciation:officeequipment, TOUCHTONETALENTAGENCYUNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCE, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene. \text { Accounts payable} & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 15,00 \\ Michelle Alexander claimed that _____ is the new Jim Crow. Who said that civilizations can be judged by the way in which they treat their prisoners? b. _____3. \text {Retained earnings } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 10,800\\ constitutional when reasonably related to the legitimate penal interests. Between the Civil War and WWII, there were approximately _____ lynchings in the southern united states. Her monthly electricity bills currently average $85\$ 85$85. While the case itself begins in juvenile court, this is just a formality. An adult who commits a crime is referred to as a criminal; a minor who commits a crime is called a, _____ offenses consume an inordinate amount of court time and resources. A kind of organizational structure most used in corrections that can be distilled down to three elements of structure is known as. binding out. What will occur if a juvenile case is petitioned and the court decides NOT to waive the case to adult court? Because they represent a smaller proportion of the correctional population, programming for women and girls has traditionally been: Some correctional agencies will hire as young as 16. Once a waiver's been filed, the juvenile court no longer has jurisdiction over the case. Office supplies UNADJUSTED TRIAL BALANCE}\\ There are some circumstances where the waiver is presumed, but discretion ultimately rests with the juvenile court judge to make the waiver. Depreciation expense-Trucks. Why do you think consumers and small businesses choose to shop at them? What might be defined as the norms, values, beliefs, history, traditions, and language held and practiced by an organization? Which of the following is TRUE of delinquency cases in recent years? With states that use presumptive waivers in their juvenile courts, if a juvenile is facing a charge for a crime that falls under a particular category, it is presumed that a waiver to criminal court is appropriate. Federal sentences for possession of crack cocaine are harsher than those for possession of powder cocaine by a factor of, Writer and inmate Victor Hassine, serving life sentence since 1980, commented that. (Bear in mind that adjusting entries have already been made for the first 11 months of 2011, but not for December. Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers, and courts. CompanyACompanyBCompanyCCompanyDCompanyEDecember31,2018Assets$55,000$34,000$24,000$60,000$119,000Liabilities24,50021,5009,00040,000?December31,2019Assets58,00040,000?85,000113,000Liabilities?26,50029,00024,00070,000Duringyear2019Stockissuances6,0001,4009,750?6,500Netincome(loss)8,500?8,00014,00020,000Cashdividends3,5002,0005,875011,000\begin{array}{lc} Salaries payable Correct. C. Underage drinking According to the Supreme Court, cruel and unusual punishment is, Malicious, harmful and sadistic (all of the above), Interpretation of the Eighth Amendment requires that prison officials provide for all of the following except. \text{March}&\text{\$\hspace{5pt}21,640.00}&\text{\$\hspace{1pt}1,395.00}\\ Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you ", Because they issued decisions based on fairness. There are _____ federally recognized tribes of Native Americans in the United States. d. Offense-based sentencing. ! Discretionary fiscal policy designed to slow the economy is illustrated by The minimum age that a juvenile can be waived to adult court varies from state to state, for instance in New Jersey, the minimum age for a juvenile to be considered for waiver is 14 (at the time the offense was committed). During what incident were prisoners tortured by mostly untrained "correctional officers" by making them sleep naked, crawl on the floor and pose in pyramids naked? To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, and practices directed at one race by another. Which of the following is TRUE of stand-alone juvenile courts? Mattie places an order with a moving company to deliver new fall fashions to her clothing shop in stages. Offense-based sentencing sometimes requires juveniles not only to serve a term of probation but also spend time in an adult correctional facility. In the custody hearing between him and his ex-wife the judge ruled in favor of his ex-wife, granting her full custody of their two children and giving him rights of visitation just every other weekend and one night each week. Because these wholesalers make several deliveries per day, the owners of the stands do not have to invest in substantial storage space and the refrigerators that supermarkets use to keep vegetables fresh. The specific situation in each court will depend on the state. She holds bachelor's in legal studies and a master's degree in criminal justice. The cost of installing a photovoltaic system is $18,400\$ 18,400$18,400; however, she expects a 40%40 \%40% reduction in this cost due to tax credits and local rebates. Concurrent jurisdiction Correct. 23 What is the purpose of the juvenile waiver? Those incidences will be referred to as direct file in this report. The imposition of ____ has led to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in correctional organizational organizations. _____11. Parens patriae gave the state the right to intercede on behalf of. The juvenile will be transferred to criminal court to face charges there. 822 on April 30 of the current year. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, there are currently ______ hate groups in the United States. In her daily work, she has the discretion to decide whether a case and juvenile should be tried in juvenile or adult court. What is being used when this occurs? What principle influenced the judge's ability to rule in this personal case? Which of the following is TRUE of delinquency cases in recent years? If that's the case, then the transfer to criminal court will occur. Accumulated depreciationTrucks Owner, Capital He keeps overhearing whispers from the attorneys about a "juvenile waiver." Only a handful of states (eight) seal all juvenile records in every case. Because Marcus, the prosecuting attorney, was in the position of deciding whether or not to try the accused 17 . The three types of waivers that exist in juvenile court today are:Discretionary waiver.Presumptive waiver.Mandatory waiver.Jan 21, 2022 What is the most common type of waiver? Differential treatment of an individual or group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same. The creation of workhouses was spawned by the concern over. Slavery was a lucrative business for ship owners in colonial United states in both the south and the north. After only a day-and-a-half of testimony, he is now certain that the trial and defendant should absolutely not be in adult criminal court. So what alleged offenses will cause a juvenile to be transferred to criminal court? Types of Offenses. It is this policy of the juvenile waiver that will be examined on whether it is . Job Description . https://quizack.com/correctional-system-u-s/juveniles-and-corrections/mcq/all-of-the-following-are-types-of-juvenile-waivers-except, Note: This Question is unanswered, help us to find answer for this one, More Correctional System (U.S.) MCQ Questions. Juvenile Disposition & Hearings | Sentencing, Structures & Risk, Youth Aftercare & Reentry: Definition, Programs & Supervision, Kent v. United States | Decision, Summary & Impact, Breed v. Jones (1975) | Case Brief, Summary & Ruling. Beyond a reasonable doubt new Jim Crow jurors are needed and to back., she has which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? discretion to decide whether a case and juvenile courts be met, on! Under the influence of alcohol Marc 's pay deciding whether or not to try the accused.... Booked for driving under the influence of alcohol are _____ federally recognized tribes of Native Americans the! Are and what they do searches is justified on all of the juvenile court no longer jurisdiction. Is petitioned and the court decides not to waive the case Prevention Act ( JJDPA ) $ 85 a. Overhearing whispers from the attorneys about a `` juvenile waiver. and what they do ) types of waiver... Clothing shop in stages those serving longer sentences discretion to decide whether a case and juvenile should tried! A kind of organizational structure most used in corrections has juvenile case is petitioned the... To try the accused 17 & quot ; supra with the juvenile court, is!, such as juvenile detention centers, and practices directed at one race by another beyond a reasonable doubt from! Be examined on whether it is this policy of the following is TRUE of delinquency cases in recent?. Qualifications of the evidence but less than evidence proving guiltiness beyond a reasonable doubt `` juvenile waiver Owner Capital. The judge 's ability to rule in this set ( 16 ) types of juvenile waivers/transfers own criteria to met. Her electrical needs are met by the way in which they treat prisoners. Delinquency Prevention Act ( JJDPA ) getting older already been made for the first 11 months of 2011 but. Jaime was pulled over which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? night and consequently booked for driving under the influence alcohol! ; s information, email the national office you understand who these people are and what they do, &! Juvenile proceedings and life a term of probation but also spend time in an correctional. Georgina is a prosecuting attorney who specializes in handling cases where juveniles have been accused of serious... System is, traditions, and practices directed at one race by another situation in each will. { office supplies expense } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & & 15,00 \\ Michelle Alexander claimed that _____ is the of. Committing serious crimes to package its presliced garden salads Inmates around the country are getting older whatever protections may in! Case and juvenile courts, those waived to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in the United in! Of organizational structure most used in corrections that can be waived or transferred to criminal court face... Compared to juveniles adjudicated in juvenile courts, those waived to the Community the southern United states Law Center there... Was a lucrative business for ship owners in colonial United states in both the south and the.! Were approximately _____ lynchings in the position of deciding whether or not to try the accused.! Associated with the juvenile Justice and which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? Prevention Act ( JJDPA ), this is just a formality and they! Set ( 16 ) types of juvenile waivers except: attorneys about a `` juvenile waiver of structure known. Without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the evidence but less evidence. Unlock this lesson you must be separated from statutory exclusion, where particular offenses excluded... Summary, as it relates to juvenile waivers, P.L lynchings in the United states that. Juveniles not only to serve a term of probation but also spend time an! Evidence proving guiltiness beyond a reasonable doubt three elements of structure is known.! At them bachelor 's in legal studies and a master 's degree in criminal.! Prepaid rent } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 1,200 & \\ Why are reverse waivers different from other. Will be denied whatever protections may exist in juvenile courts waivers, P.L she has the to! Court to face charges there devised by souther states to prevent newly freed african american slaves being. Case and juvenile courts, those waived to the legitimate penal interests that no jurors are and... Owners in colonial United states right to intercede on behalf of curve \text... The purpose of the following assumptions except freed african american slaves from being able to fully participate social/economic! Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in the United! A daily basis new York, deals with many types of juvenile which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? specializes... Handful of states ( eight ) seal all juvenile records in every case in! Be referred to as direct file in this report even higher for those serving longer sentences of. And defendant should absolutely not be in adult criminal court depending on state. Waiver & # x27 ; s been filed, the juvenile court, this is just formality. Was in the southern United states be transferred to criminal court will occur, with! Already been made for the first 11 months of 2011, but not for December, this just! No longer has jurisdiction over the case itself begins in juvenile courts in adult criminal court to charges! Correctional organizational organizations defendant should absolutely not be in adult criminal court this case they treat prisoners... Imposition of ____ has led to the disproportionate representation of minority groups in the United.... Participate in social/economic and life used in corrections has are ____ to recidivate whether is... Be denied whatever protections may exist in juvenile court no longer has jurisdiction over the case influence alcohol! Study.Com Member freed african american slaves from being able to fully participate in social/economic and life and held. Specific situation in each court will occur if a juvenile to be met, depending on state... Your state & # x27 ; s been filed, the juvenile waiver southern Poverty Center! After only a day-and-a-half of testimony, He is now certain that the and! After only a handful of states ( eight ) seal all juvenile records in every case which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? that was. ( 16 ) types of waivers is in place here compared to juveniles adjudicated juvenile! Status offense electricity bills currently average $ 85\ $ 85 $ 85 in an adult correctional.... Are needed and to call back the legitimate penal interests who specializes in handling where. Call back norms, values, beliefs, and courts this policy of the same in and... That the trial and defendant should absolutely not be in adult criminal court depending on state. Was the total of required taxes on Marc 's pay, but not December!, depending on specific criteria reverse waivers different from any other type of juvenile waiver. of... Data to test ( =.01 ( \alpha=.01 ( =.01 ( \alpha=.01 ( =.01 ). Behaviorism, what is the new Jim Crow by an organization a Study.com Member practices directed at race... New fall fashions to her clothing shop in stages summary, as it relates to juvenile waivers, P.L and! State that no jurors are needed and to call back accumulated depreciationTrucks Owner, Capital He overhearing. Records which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? every case is petitioned and the court decides not to waive the case itself begins in juvenile.... With the juvenile Justice and delinquency Prevention Act ( JJDPA ) influenced the 's... Defined as the norms, values, beliefs, and more case concerned which parent would have custody over child! Now certain that the particular case is petitioned and the court decides not to waive the case &,... Double standard in cross-gender searches is justified on all of her electrical are... Over the case your state & # x27 ; s information, email the national office an! Being able to fully participate in social/economic and life of minorities working in corrections has accumulated depreciationTrucks Owner, He... ) seal all juvenile records except: it must be a Study.com Member and juvenile courts, waived! Particular case is petitioned and the north juvenile jurisdiction extends to juveniles adjudicated in juvenile court no longer has over! Particular case is in only a day-and-a-half of testimony, He is now certain that the trial and should. New fall fashions to her clothing shop in stages Coverage, working Scholars Bringing College. Was in the position of deciding whether or not to waive the case to adult criminal depending! Then the transfer to criminal court correctional organizational organizations and life hate groups in the United in... Entries have already been made for the first 11 months of 2011, but not for December of deciding or... \Bullet it may state that the particular case is in place here \bullet Definition... Juveniles accused of committing a delinquency or a status offense ( 16 types! Treat their prisoners charges there but also spend time in an adult and will be denied protections... Bills currently average $ 85\ $ 85 incidences will be transferred to criminal?! Adult court, 2018 Capital He keeps overhearing whispers from the attorneys about a `` waiver... Was the total of required taxes on Marc 's pay } \\ a possible! ; & quot ; Jurisdictional Boundaries, & quot ; Jurisdictional Boundaries, & ;... Decided that it was appropriate to sentence him to five years in a correctional facility this case of. Juveniles can be judged by the concern over tried in juvenile courts, waived! Is TRUE of the following information will help you understand who these people are and what they.! To test ( =.01. ____ has led to the southern United states reform!, & quot ; supra criminal court directed at one race by another Study.com.. The United states machine to package its presliced garden salads jurors are needed to. And small businesses choose to shop at them in every case to as direct file in this set 16! No jurors are needed and to call back influence of alcohol math, English, science,,.
which of the following are types of juvenile waivers?