Alternatives end uses for agriculture, nature conservation, and forestry are also common. means the formation or increase of at least one of the following: terrestrial, avian, or aquatic habitats or creates new linkages or corridors. In this chapter, we focus on the impacts of physical ecosystem engineers on three key functional attributes of estuaries and coasts – sedimentary processes (erosion/sedimentation), coastal protection, and the creation and modification of habitat for other organisms. Sediment mixing, breakdown of sediment aggregates, and creation of more or less ephemeral galleries via deposit feeding and organismal movement into sediments. In order to deliver ecological enhancements, it’s important to understand what species and features are already present in the immediate and surrounding area. Burrowing benthos (crabs, shrimp, polychaetes, and echiurans), rock-boring organisms (bivalves, anemones, and sipunculids), epibenthic deposit feeders (crabs and holoturians), epibenthic predators that consume infaunal prey (crabs and fishes). The followed messages are particularly important in, Functioning of Ecosystems at the Land–Ocean Interface, Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. How ecosystem services are valued can alter the perception of multifunctionality, depending upon how ecosystem service levels and their values are related. The followed messages are particularly important in habitat creation and development: The offset and agreed objectives for wetland management have to be SMART. Local water flow disruption and formation of erosion features (scour pits) around structures. Habitat Creation. Ultimately, it may prove to be the case that certain habitats cannot be sustained in a specific offset area. Macrophytes (dune grass, cordgrass, seagrass, and mangroves), algae (e.g., kelps), corals, bivalves, tube-building polychaetes, other sessile epibenthos, some mobile epibenthos (gastropods and crabs). Grassland has been one of the most popular end uses for rural sites, but agricultural conversion is not always appropriate because of the lack of quality topsoil. Other negative impacts include electrocution from overhead powerlines, poisoning from insecticides, avicides, or rodenticides, collision with vehicles, and collision with glass windows. Create a monitoring plan based on the area, desirable ecological elements, and time scale. Stemming from our preliminary ecological appraisal assessments and habitat and protected species surveys, our ecological consultancy services provide the necessary resources to design, plan, construct and then monitor the successful creation of biodiverse habitats for protected species across the UK. Clearly a large infrastructure project will need a different approach to a small residential development. Diversity of physical ecosystem engineering mechanisms relevant to (a) coastal protection, erosion, and sedimentation and (b) habitat creation to other organisms. We also use the framework to organize a more detailed examination of these influences by major groups of estuarine and coastal physical ecosystem engineers – dune plants, marsh plants, mangroves, seagrasses, kelps and other macroalgae, reef-forming corals and bivalves, and burrowing crustaceans and infauna. A Preliminary Ecological Appraisal involves an initial survey that can provide this information. 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