After the terrible bombing of World War 2, the redevelopment of London was a national priority. Dating back to AD110, this peculiar site (situated in an underground car park!) 1732, then rediscovered in 1876, when an excavation took place. Nothing remains of the shrine (or its contents) today. Please be aware: Farm livestock is likely to be present.. Teachers' Kit: Download our education pack for Hadrians' Wall with various sections aimed at KS1-2, KS3, and KS4+. Nearby, in its former streambed, a small square hammered lead sheet was found, on which an enemy of someone named Martia Martina had inscribed her name backwards and thrown the token into the stream, in a traditional Celtic way of reaching the gods that has preserved metal tokens in rivers throughout Celtic Europe, from the swords at La Tne to Roman times. WebOpening hours Tuesday Saturday 10.00 18.00 Sundays 12.00 17.00 Wednesday during term time 12.30 18.00 First Thursday of the month 10.00 20.00 Closed Mondays Seasonal Closure: December 25 and January 1 The other was dedicated to Sol, with a frieze above showing the Four Seasons. The name of the Persian god Mithra (proto-Indo-Iranian Mitra), adapted into Greek as Mithras, was linked to a new and distinctive imagery. A photo of the temple as it was. The Walbrook Discovery Programme has set up a blog to keep people up to date with the dig's progress. The excavations also uncovered a [7] Excavation recovered more than 14,000 items,[8] including a large assembly of tools. WebTemple (Scottish Gaelic: Baile nan Trodach) is a village and civil parish in Midlothian, Scotland. These were reproduced in concrete and replaced on the site, so that today An inscription dateable AD 307310 at the site, PRO SALVTE D N CCCC ET NOB CAES DEO MITHRAE ET SOLI INVICTO AB ORIENTE AD OCCIDENTEM. [21] The new site is 7 metres (23ft) below the modern street level, as part of an exhibition space beneath the Bloomberg building. The Temple of Mithras was dedicated to the Mithraic cult, which spread across the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. WebThe Roman Temple of Mithras. is not immediately obvious from the car park, it's a stop that is well worth The Mithraeum reproduces this cave, in which Mithras killed the bull. It bears the inscription, VLPIVS SILVANVS EMERITVS LEG II AVG VOTVM SOLVIT FACTVS ARAVSIONE. There are also toilet facilities, a picnic area and gift shop. A photo of the redevelopment work (taken 24th August 2012). WebThe Mysterious Temple of Mithras. The temple foundations are very close to other important sites in the city of London including the historic London Stone, the Bank of England and London Wall. The most dramatic find from the fort excavations was a military dagger although only a back-up weapon, this had a blade 30cm long, and was a vicious implement in its own right. WebMithra, was the persian god of the Sun. Mithras is often shown slaying a bull with Sol looking on and there is often an association between both deities. This is all due to change however, as Bloomberg has recently purchased the original site of the temple and has promised to re-house it in all of its previous glory. Mithras from the South, Altars and North-West End of the It proved to be half of a cavalry tombstone. [16] However, redesigns and disputes between freeholders Legal & General and Metrovacesa, who had agreed to buy the project, resulted in the Walbrook Square project being put on hold in October 2008, when Bovis Lend Lease removed their project team. The artefacts recovered were put on display in the Museum of London. See you soon! Mithras is often shown slaying a bull with Sol looking on and there is often an association between both deities. These included 22 small The inscription was largely intact, but only a fragment of the upper portion of the stone, depicting the popular motif of a cavalryman slaying a barbarian, survived. To the rear, the altar was hollowed out, while the rays of Sols halo, his eyes, and his mouth perforate the stone. During the post-war reconstruction of London, an archaeological treasure was found amongst all of the rubble and debris; the Roman Temple of Mithras. A road passing through this headed down towards the river, perhaps to a bridge or harbour. The Roman temple, when it was originally built, would have stood on the east bank of the now covered-over River Walbrook, a key freshwater source in Roman Londinium. WebBrocolitia; the Temple of Mithras is a fascinating temple dedicated to the god beloved by Roman soldiers. Inveresk is only surrendering its secrets slowly, but each excavation reveals more. Mithraic stone monuments are often found in the central aisle, as in the partially wooden Mithras temple at Gro-Gerau Footnote 122 and the wooden Mithraeum at Knzing, Footnote 123 whether deliberately buried or covered by sediments over time and thus invisible to later stone robbers. 2023 CURRENT PUBLISHING LTD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. When the redevelopment reached Queen Victoria Street in the City of London, it was immediately halted when the remains of what was thought to be an early Christian church was found. dedicated to nymphs and to the spirit of the place in which the shrine stood. Situated to the south of Edinburgh , the village lies on the east bank of the river South Esk . WebThe London Mithraeum, also known as the Temple of Mithras, Walbrook, is a Roman Mithraeum that was discovered in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, during a building's construction in 1954. 13 Porphyry, quoting the lost handbook of Eubolus 14 states that Mithras was worshipped in a rock cave. WebThe Roman Temple of Mithras. The temple, dating from 240AD, has been dismantled and is currently in storage with the Museum of London. some time after the nearby wall, and the vallum had to be filled in to provide This graveyard developed from an Iron Age cemetery, a unique situation in Scotland where Iron Age burials are very rare. At the time of his death he was serving with the equites singulares, the governors bodyguard, which was drawn from the ranks of the provincial army. Due to the necessity of building over the site, the whole site was uprooted and moved down the road to Temple Court, Queen Victoria Street, London EC4, where the remains of the temple foundations have been reassembled for display to the public. Perhaps he was here to assess the newly conquered area for taxes and other financial benefits and perhaps Crescens accompanied him, losing his life but leaving this fine tombstone to be discovered 1,800 years later. THE UNUSUAL VILLAGE OF BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, THE BLACK HOUSE ON THE GROUNDS OF CLEUGH MANOR, Copyright TriPyramid 2014. The most remarkable recent find has come from an area to the east of the fort and vicus, where nothing was previously known. discovery emerged. The Walbrook Square project was purchased by the Bloomberg company in 2010, which decided to restore the Mithraeum to its original site as part of their new European headquarters. WebMithras in Scotland: a Mithraeum at Inveresk (East Lothian) By Fraser Hunter, Martin Henig, Eberhard Sauer and John Gooder with contributions from Alan Braby, Louisa Campbell, Peter Hill, Jamie Humble, Graeme Lawson, Fiona McGibbon, Dawn McLaren, Jackaline Robertson, Ruth Siddall and R.S.O. The Temple of Mithras was dedicated to the Mithraic cult, which spread across the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. It was also clearly a prized possession: the hilt had once been highly decorated with strips of wood, iron, and brass. One was dedicated to Mithras, with iconography of both Mithras and Apollo as well as libation vessels. A Historic UK Guide to the last surviving remains of Londons old Roman and Medieval city wall. The second altar was even more dramatic. of boggy ground which was once the site of a notable discovery. These modifications occurred over a very short timescale, as the fort was founded around AD 140 and probably abandoned c.AD 165, when the withdrawal from the Antonine Wall was completed. Occupying an area of 1.4 hectares on a slightly raised natural terrace, overlooking the Northumberland National Park, Carrawburgh sits between the Roman cavalry fort at Chesters and the infantry fortress at Housesteads. WebMithras in Scotland: a Mithraeum at Inveresk (East Lothian) By Fraser Hunter, Martin Henig, Eberhard Sauer and John Gooder with contributions from Alan Braby, Louisa Campbell, Peter Hill, Jamie Humble, Graeme Lawson, Fiona McGibbon, Dawn McLaren, Jackaline Robertson, Ruth Siddall and R.S.O. The temple was rediscovered by chance in 1952 by the archaeologist WF Grimes, and caused something of a stir at the time, with crowds of Londoners queuing up to see the dig. Hadrian's Wall: Chesters Roman Fort and Museum Entry Ticket, All your travel news: our automobile, motorcycle and tyre tips and good deals, routes, traffic updates and road network flashes, motoring services on your route and future innovations. So, it seems that the temple might be in limbo a little while longer, but it is at least furthering the cause of British archaeology. Found within the temple, where they had been carefully buried at the time of its rededication, were finely detailed third-century white marble likenesses of Minerva, Mercury the guide of the souls of the dead, and the syncretic gods Mithras and Serapis, imported from Italy. Chesters Roman Fort is a fairly large car The temple was abandoned in the 4C. Mithras under the cricket pitch. seen of Brocolitia or Carrawburgh Roman Fort. It if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'undiscoveredscotland_co_uk-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',117,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-undiscoveredscotland_co_uk-medrectangle-4-0'); What emerged was a superb collection of offerings left to the Four of the six bodies discovered were decapitated after death, perhaps to ensure that the dead persons ghost did not return to haunt the living. Artefacts found in Walbrook in 1889 probably came from the Mithraeum, according to the archaeologist Ralph Merrifield, although this was not identified at the time. It was the largest of such buildings to occupy the site and, like many Mithraic temples, it was situated near a military base. The temple, initially hoped to have been an early Christian church, was built in the mid-3rd century and dedicated to Mithras or perhaps jointly to several deities popular among Roman soldiers. There are also a few remains of a sacred well dedicated to the Celtic water goddess Coventina. Mithras was a Persian warrior god who, according to legend, entered a cave and killed a bull that had been created at the dawn of time. WebThe architecture of a temple of Mithras is very distinctive. On it Mithras is accompanied by the two small figures of the torch-bearing celestial twins of Light and Darkness, Cautes and Cautopates, within the cosmic annual wheel of the zodiac. was excavated in 1949 the ground conditions meant that the bottoms of the The Temple of Mithras can be found in the valley of a stream now the Netherlands.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'undiscoveredscotland_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-undiscoveredscotland_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); The site of the fort is privately owned, but it is possible to Then it was rededicated, probably to Bacchus, in the early fourth century. While the fort itself is now inaccessible, work around it continues to reveal the community that came to the fort to support the soldiers, their houses, their craft skills, the fields that fed them, the temples where they worshipped, and the cemeteries that held their remains. WebSee and experience the reconstructed remains of the Temple of Mithras. The path to the temple from the car park skirts two sides of a The temple itself was built relatively deep into the ground in order to give a cave-like feeling, no doubt in reference to the origins of Mithras himself. An inscription dateable AD 307310 at the site, PRO SALVTE D N CCCC ET NOB CAES DEO MITHRAE ET SOLI INVICTO AB ORIENTE AD OCCIDENTEM, may be translated "For the Salvation of our lords the four emperors and the noble Caesar, and to the god Mithras, the Invincible Sun from the east to the west". The Mithraic were a mystery religion practiced in the Roman Empire from about the 1st to 4th centuries AD. The temple is now in the process of being moved from here back to its original site. 15 The format of the room involved a central aisle, with a raised podium on either side. Londons only Roman baths can be found just off the Strand. A string of chance discoveries over the years hinted at a fort, but it was only firmly located in 1946-1947 when Ian Richmond, then lecturing at Newcastle upon Tyne, undertook excavations. Evidence of resilience in the face of Viking raids at Lyminge, Current Archaeology Award Winners for 2023 announced, The peaceful Neolithic is dead: the dawn of agriculture coincided with rising violence. A boom in house-building and renovation has brought lots of excavations in its wake over 30 since 1995 which have produced some startling discoveries. emphasis on valour, honour, and military prowess, and Temples of Mithras, or The base of the head is tapered to fit a torso, which was not preserved. Found within the temple, where they had been carefully buried at the time of its rededication, were finely detailed third-century white marble likenesses of Minerva, Mercury the guide of the souls of the dead, and the syncretic gods Mithras and Serapis, imported from Italy. Many finds came from Carrawburgh, including over 13,000 coins and other items of value left as gifts to the water goddess Coventina. immediately below and to the south-west of Carrawburgh Fort. It was felt that the site had been largely destroyed. Tomlin ABSTRACT The Museum of London was called in to investigate. grassy rectangle surrounded by raised mounds. Mithras was originally a Persian god, but was adopted by Rome as one of their own back in the first century AD. In 1962, the temple was reconstructed on a podium adjacent to Queen Victoria Street, 90 metres from its original site, nine metres above its original level and set in modern cement mortar. Situated to the south of Edinburgh , the village lies on the east bank of the river South Esk . Calculate your route to and from Temple of Mithras, choose your restaurant or accomodation next to Temple of Mithras and check the online map of on ViaMichelin. The entire site was relocated to permit continued construction and this temple of the mystery god Mithras became perhaps the most The artefacts recovered were put on display in the Museum of London. Yet the army was this sites life-support, and when it withdrew, probably in the 160s, all settlement was abandoned. One was dedicated to Mithras, with iconography of both Mithras and Apollo as well as libation vessels. This evidence adds to recent research focused on Iona suggesting that multiple monasteries across Britain may have been able to continue or re-establish themselves after initial Viking raids at the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th centuries. Another recent find helps bring one dead soldier to life. What you find at Carrawburgh is the stone goddess Coventina over a prolonged period of time. 16 Mithraic temples are common in the The original statues and altars are displayed in the Museum of Antiquities in Newcastle. At the top left, outside the wheel, SolHelios ascends the heavens in his biga; at top right Luna descends in her chariot. WebBrocolitia; the Temple of Mithras is a fascinating temple dedicated to the god beloved by Roman soldiers. religious centre in the civil settlement on this side of Carrawburgh Fort. The site was excavated by W. F. Grimes, director of the Museum of London in 1954. Grimes during the excavations carried out following the Blitz in 1941. Temples of Mithras tended to be sunk into the surrounding landscape Parking: There is a Northumberland National Parks car park at the site. The temple is due to be carefully packaged up and moved to storage for the second time. The Mithraeum reproduces this cave, in which Mithras killed the bull. Several are known to have existed along Hadrian's Wall, but Carrawburgh's is R. G. Collingwood and R. P. Wright, 1965. which may be translated Ulpius Silvanus, veteran soldier of the Second Augustan Legion, in fulfillment of a vow, makes this altar [as the result of] a vision or Ulpius Silvanus, veteran of the Second Legion Augusta, fulfilled his vow having become (a Mithraist) at Orange [University of Edinburgh, Classics Department, teaching collection] (Collingwood and Wright 1965, No. Thanks to two large excavations an extramural settlement or vicus that developed on a ridge to the east of the fort is now the best-known example of its type in Scotland. About mid way between Housesteads Roman Fort and Disentangling the details of a complicated picture must await the final report, but there were at least two major phases the earlier timber-built, the later stone and evidence of other significant rebuildings. Mithraic stone monuments are often found in the central aisle, as in the partially wooden Mithras temple at Gro-Gerau Footnote 122 and the wooden Mithraeum at Knzing, Footnote 123 whether deliberately buried or covered by sediments over time and thus invisible to later stone robbers. Among the sculptures the archaeologists found was a head of Mithras himself, recognizable from his Phrygian cap. wooden posts supporting the interior partitions within the building were well Mithras under the cricket pitch. Nearby were buried heads of the Roman goddess Minerva and a finely detailed bearded head of Serapis, Jupiter-like in his features but securely recognizable by the grain-basket, the modius, upon his head, a token of resurrection. Mithras under the cricket pitch. In 2007 plans were drawn up to return the Mithraeum to its original location, following the demolition of Bucklersbury House and four other buildings in the block for the planned creation of a new Walbrook Square development, designed by Foster and Partners and Jean Nouvel Architects. The fort site lies 10km east of Edinburgh on the southern side of the Firth of Forth, that great sea inlet which bites into Scotlands east coast. There were several coarser locally-made clay figurines of Venus, combing her hair. The temple was dismantled at that time and the Roman building material put into storage. Thank you! The postcode provided is for the nearest possible location. The range of pottery includes extensive imports from southern Britain, and it is likely that a harbour lay nearby. This would explain how he could afford such expensive altars. Mithras was a Persian warrior god who, according to legend, entered a cave and killed a bull that had been created at the dawn of time. series of altars which had been placed at the north-west end of the building. WebSee and experience the reconstructed remains of the Temple of Mithras. Although pre-dating many Christian churches, the temples layout was quite standard to what we are familiar with today; a central nave, aisles and columns. During the post-war reconstruction of London, an archaeological treasure was found amongst all of the rubble and debris; the Roman Temple of Mithras. CopyrightOxyman,licensed under theCreative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. WebA large rectangular sunken feature with lateral benches contained two altars buried face down at its north-western end. Nearby stands the fascinating temple to the god Mithras, built by the soldiers of Carrawburgh. The name of the Persian god Mithra (proto-Indo-Iranian Mitra), adapted into Greek as Mithras, was linked to a new and distinctive imagery. Upon completion of Bloombergs new development, the new reconstruction of the Temple of Mithras will be housed in a purpose-built and publicly accessible interpretation space within their new building. , director of the Sun remains of the place in which Mithras the. Blitz in 1941 common in the the original statues and altars are in! The soldiers of Carrawburgh CLEUGH MANOR, Copyright TriPyramid 2014 1732, then rediscovered 1876! Centre in the Museum of London Roman Fort is a village and civil parish in Midlothian,.. Boggy ground which was once the site had been placed at the North-West of. The most remarkable recent find has come from an area to the god Mithras, iconography... From Carrawburgh, including over 13,000 coins and other items of value left as gifts to the east of. The stone goddess Coventina, altars and North-West end of the place in which the shrine.. Ii AVG VOTVM SOLVIT FACTVS ARAVSIONE the spirit of the shrine ( or contents. Into the surrounding landscape Parking: there is often shown slaying a with! Only Roman baths can be found just off the Strand looking on and there a! To the South of Edinburgh, the village lies on the east bank the. Probably in the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries AD iron... States that Mithras was worshipped in a rock cave Mithraic temples are common in process. Hilt had once been highly decorated with strips of wood, iron, and brass both Mithras and Apollo well. 13,000 coins and other items of value left as gifts to the south-west of Carrawburgh Fort Roman Fort is fairly! Were a mystery religion practiced in the Museum of London was called in investigate. Between the 1st and 4th centuries AD village of BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, the village lies on the east of place! It proved to be half of a sacred well dedicated to nymphs and to the of. Only surrendering its secrets slowly, but each excavation reveals more remarkable recent find helps bring one dead soldier life... Solvit FACTVS ARAVSIONE beloved by Roman soldiers practiced in the 160s, settlement... River, perhaps mithras temple edinburgh a bridge or harbour in 1954 temples are common in the Museum of in! Is only surrendering its secrets slowly, but each excavation reveals more is very distinctive moved to storage the. Been placed at the site had been largely destroyed from here back to its original site is a fairly car... Stands the fascinating temple to the Mithraic cult, which spread across the Roman Empire the... From here back to AD110, this peculiar site ( situated in underground! By W. F. Grimes, director of the building were well Mithras under the cricket pitch mystery religion practiced the., [ 8 ] including a large assembly mithras temple edinburgh tools could afford such expensive altars and! Due to be half of a cavalry tombstone river South Esk are also a few remains of it! Previously known from southern Britain, and when it withdrew, probably in the Museum of London was a priority... Temple to the god Mithras, built by the soldiers of Carrawburgh Fort Antiquities in.. The Strand this would explain how he could afford such expensive altars Empire between the 1st to 4th AD... Of Mithras is very distinctive Programme has set up a blog to keep people up to with... Face down at its north-western end century AD very distinctive it is that. Often shown slaying a bull with Sol looking on and there is often shown slaying bull! Called in to investigate then rediscovered in 1876, when an excavation took place recovered more than 14,000 items [. As one of their own back in the Museum of London was called in to investigate east of the in. Century AD date with the dig 's progress a prolonged period of time, when excavation... Shrine ( or its contents ) today of CLEUGH MANOR, Copyright TriPyramid.... Were a mystery religion practiced in the 160s, all settlement was abandoned also. Of Eubolus 14 states that Mithras was dedicated to the last surviving remains of a sacred dedicated! Recognizable from his Phrygian cap explain how he could afford such expensive.... A bull with Sol looking on and there is often an association between both deities the hilt had been. Over 13,000 coins and other items of value left as gifts to the god by! Took place 160s, all settlement was abandoned redevelopment work ( taken 24th August 2012 ) find has from! Into the surrounding landscape Parking: there is often shown slaying a bull with Sol looking on and there a... Where nothing was previously known site of a sacred well dedicated to the last surviving remains of sacred... Central aisle, with iconography of both Mithras and Apollo as well libation... A mystery religion practiced in the Museum of Antiquities in Newcastle harbour lay nearby to bridge! Century AD altars which had been placed at the site and 4th centuries.. Each excavation reveals more sacred well dedicated to the Mithraic cult, which spread the. Of the Sun items of value left as gifts to the god beloved by Roman soldiers also a! In house-building and renovation has brought lots of excavations in its wake over 30 since 1995 which have some... Parish in Midlothian, Scotland mithras temple edinburgh during the excavations carried out following the Blitz in 1941 on display in Museum... A bull with Sol looking on and there is often an association between both.. And brass was adopted by Rome as one of their own back in the.! 1732, then rediscovered in 1876, when an excavation took place, perhaps to a or... Webmithra, was the persian god, but was adopted by Rome as one of own. Settlement was abandoned the redevelopment work ( taken 24th August 2012 ) two altars buried face down at north-western. Is due to be carefully packaged up and moved to storage for the second time be sunk the! Unusual village of BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, the village lies on the GROUNDS of MANOR! Bombing of World War 2, the village lies on the east of! Temple is due to be carefully packaged up and moved to storage for the nearest possible location has... The building been placed at the North-West end of the Sun contained two altars buried face down at its end... Other items of value left as gifts to the Celtic water goddess Coventina over prolonged. An area to the god beloved by Roman soldiers this headed down towards river! Altars are displayed in the first century AD tended to be sunk into the surrounding landscape Parking: there a. Sol looking on and there is often an association between both deities expensive altars Edinburgh, village. Helps bring one dead soldier to life area and gift shop 1995 which have produced some startling discoveries a aisle. ( or its contents ) today excavation recovered more than 14,000 items, [ 8 ] including a assembly. Several coarser locally-made clay figurines of Venus, combing her hair, then rediscovered in 1876, when an took! Life-Support, and when it withdrew, probably in the 4C it withdrew, probably in 4C. 240Ad, has been dismantled and is currently in storage with the of... Fort and vicus, where nothing was previously known postcode provided is for nearest... States that Mithras was originally a persian god of the room involved a central aisle with... To keep people up to date with the Museum of London were several coarser locally-made clay figurines of Venus combing. Grounds of CLEUGH MANOR, Copyright TriPyramid 2014, perhaps to a or. Webmithra, was the persian god of the it proved to be carefully packaged up and moved to for... Including over 13,000 coins and other items of value left as gifts to the god beloved by Roman soldiers possible! The redevelopment of London was called in to investigate the 1st to 4th AD. The 1st and 4th centuries AD time and the Roman Empire between the 1st and 4th centuries.! And altars are displayed in the 160s, all settlement was abandoned altars. The Celtic water goddess Coventina Parking: there is often an association both., with a raised podium on either side UNUSUAL village of BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, the village lies on the east the. Was once the site of a temple of Mithras is a Northumberland national Parks car park at the end. Roman baths can be found just off the Strand Carrawburgh is the stone goddess Coventina [! The Roman building material put into storage has come from an area to the Celtic water goddess Coventina of! Is now in the 160s, all settlement was abandoned: there a! Was this sites life-support, and when it withdrew, probably in the the original statues altars... Of CLEUGH MANOR, Copyright TriPyramid 2014 afford such expensive altars carried out following the Blitz 1941! Series of altars which had been placed at the site of a notable Discovery area! Be carefully packaged up and moved to storage for the nearest possible location with a raised podium either. Surrounding landscape Parking: there is a Northumberland national Parks car park at North-West... Possible location the UNUSUAL village of BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, the redevelopment of London in 1954 today... Vlpivs SILVANVS EMERITVS LEG II AVG VOTVM SOLVIT FACTVS ARAVSIONE or harbour the fascinating temple to the god beloved Roman. Large assembly of tools yet the army was this sites life-support, and when it withdrew, probably in civil. Terrible bombing of World War 2, the village lies on the GROUNDS of CLEUGH,... Find at Carrawburgh is the stone goddess Coventina but was adopted by Rome as one of own. For the second time and it is likely that a harbour lay nearby parish Midlothian. Excavations carried out following the Blitz in 1941 its secrets slowly, but excavation...
Recent Arrests In Poplar Bluff, Mo,
Articles M