Bringing a baby into this world is one of the most special and memorable moments a mother will experience. Copyright 2023 SMG Women's Health. Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. Michigan's NTSV cesarean rate does not meet the Healthy People 2020 target of 23.9 percent. Babies born via C-section can have respiratory issues with extra fluid in their lungs at birth because they dont have the chance to undergo this process. There is a risk of uterine rupture if the woman has a vaginal delivery after giving birth by cesarean section. 2014 Mar-Apr;67(2):282-9. doi: 10.5935/0034-7167.20140038. In the long run, C-section rate could go . Experts Name 5 Best Fruits For Weight Loss, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Top 18 Best Weight Loss Pills For Women In 2021, 9 Amazing Facts About Protein Coffee and How It Can Change Your Life. Both the birth and death rate are given per 1,000 people of the country's population. In 1965, the C-section rate was about 4.5%, 17% in 1985, and now we're at 33%. loss of bladder control. The reporting of pre-existing maternal medical conditions and complications of pregnancy on birth certificates and in hospital discharge data, M. Lydon-Rochelle, et al. A gentle C-section is a Cesarean section that incorporates certain of aspects of a parent's birth plan, such as skin-to-skin contact, immediate breastfeeding, and partner involvement as much as . One study found no difference; one found that in caesareans there were 1.8 fewer deaths per 10,000 women; and a third recorded nine deaths out of 737 caesareans (cases and controls) and 49 deaths. They demonstrated an entirely different principle: garbage in, garbage out. In the United States, however, about one in three births happen by C-section, a rate that has risen dramatically over the past few decades, from 5 percent in 1970 and 20 percent in 1996. The rapidly rising rate of C-sections among low-risk births has sparked the Department of Health and Human Servicesto set a national goal ofreducing the number of C-sections among low-risk pregnant people with no prior births by 23.6% over the next year. While there are a lot of factors, babies born via C-section are 20 percent more likely to develop asthma than those born naturally. The exponential increase in the number of C-section deliveries across the world underscores the significance of these new reports. Many worrythat the scars from the C-section will open with a subsequent pregnancy, Dr. Starck says. "The important message is that both [vaginal and C-section births] are safe," Katherine Economy, MD, MPH, a maternal fetal medicine specialist in the department of OB/GYN at Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, told WebMD. For example, when there are placenta problems, if the babys position is not suitable, presence of certain conditions in the mother, fetal distress, if the baby is too big in size, if the mother had previous c-sections. There is also a higher risk of hysterectomy and cardiac arrest during the procedure although this is still a tiny risk at 0.03% and 0.19% respectively. The increasing popularity of Cesarean birth has become a social concern in many countries. Canada's C-section rate has increased dramatically in the past two decades. The claim originated with the paper Infant and Neonatal Mortality for Primary Cesarean and Vaginal Births to Women with No Indicated Risk, United States, 19982001 Birth Cohorts, MacDorman et al, Birth Volume 33 Page 175, September 2006. Fifty times that numberabout 50,000 in allnarrowly escape death, while another. While C-sections can prevent injury and even death to those with high-risk pregnancies and their babies, they are also linked to increased risk of complications like blood clotting and infections, says Ob/Gyn Rebecca Starck, MD. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. care throughout pregnancy and childbirth, said Dr Ana Pilar Betran, Medical Officer at WHO and HRP. The overall cost increase to the system would, then, actually hover around 0.8 percent, or $480 million a year. Finally, its important to remember that there are times when a C-section is the only safe way to deliver a baby. When Is The Best Time Of The Day To Exercise? government site. Careers. Photo courtesy of Pexels. An official website of the United States government. Financial strategies that equalize the fees charged for vaginal births and caesarean sections. Most midwifery and natural childbirth websites claim that elective C-section triples the rate of neonatal mortality. By continuing to use this website you agree to their use. Birth certificates are highly accurate for administrative data like parents names or numerical data like weight or Apgar scores. Emotional support is a critical aspect of quality There are significant discrepancies in a womans access to caesarean sections, depending on where in the world she lives. It is a potentially devastating indictment of the rising C-section rate. Maternal mortality rates of 0 in large series of cesareans have been achieved in some settings, and this suggests that careful attention to good surgical technique and postoperative care . J. JiNing Med. While natural birth has always been the popular choice among mothers, many are starting to choose elective caesarean sections. National Library of Medicine In their analysis, the risk of a baby's dying was low in each setting, but higher among the group that intended home delivery: 1.8 per 1,000 for planned in-hospital births as compared with 3.9 per 1,000 for planned out-of-hospital births. The 2018 MMR confidence interval runs from 447 to 578 deaths per 100,000 live births (NDHS, 2018). Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Doctors believe surges of hormones as labour begins may kickstart the babys lungs, while being squeezed through the birth canal also helps expel amniotic fluid from the lungs, meaning that breathing problems are less common immediately after a vaginal birth. Reducing C/S rates With so many factors at play in modern obstetrics, the concept of an "ideal" C/S rate seems outdated. It is well known, however, that they are highly inaccurate when it comes to listing complications. MeSH As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. That said, there is some evidence that a vaginal birth may have benefits for the baby. Caesarian sections (C-sections) are among the most common surgical procedures performed on women of child-bearing age. Cleveland Clinic 1995-2023. In the past, the rate of death from accreta was 50 percent. Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. However, there remain deficiencies in extant research methods, research content, subject groupings, and interpretation of research results. 2014;53 Suppl 1:25-8. . Chances are, youll find an article discussing it in a recent issue of Harvard Womens Health Watch. 10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00012-5 For instance, if a woman has suffered a serious tear (requiring surgery rather than superficial stitches) in a previous vaginal birth they are at a higher risk of experiencing a similar injury in future. The outcomes for their babies are even worse, with 8% not surviving longer than a week.. Impact of gestational age on risk of cerebral palsy: unravelling the role of neonatal morbidity. said Dr Ian Askew, Director of WHOs Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research and the UN joint programme, HRP Rather than recommending specific target rates, WHO underscores the importance of focusing on each womans unique needs in pregnancy and childbirth. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Man in Coma 23 Years Is He Really Conscious. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002869. This is significantly higher than the C-section rate for the country that is second on this list. The researchers used data on deliveries across Canada (except Quebec) between 2003 and 2015 and found that this risk was greatest among women who were 35 years or older.The study also found that women who had emergency C-sections during labor (as intended, as a life-saving, not elective, procedure) had better maternal and infant health outcomes than women who planned C-sections in advance. The bowel sometimes slows down for several days after surgery, resulting in distention, bloating and discomfort. Energy-boosting coffee alternatives: What to know. Most women who ask for a caesarean do so on health grounds, but Nice guidelines from 2011 state that any woman who asks for a caesarean should, after discussion of the pros and cons, be offered one. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This week an inquest found that Frances Cappuccini, a 30-year-old primary school teacher, died unnecessarily when a caesarean went wrong. What are the dangers and the facts? World Health Organization (WHO) has Benefits of planned C-section versus natural childbirth The breastfeeding process might get delayed, too. According to new research from the World Health Organization (WHO), caesarean section use continues to rise globally, now accounting for more than 1 in 5 (21%) of all childbirths. In 1926, the Munro Kerr low transverse uterine incision was . Babies born vaginally also receive a dose of good bacteria as they travel through the birth canal, Dr. Starck says. The World Health Organization says the C-section rate shouldn't be higher than 10 percent to 15 percent. Nationally, about a third of women now give birth by C-section, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. These may still happen but your risk is lower than if you had a vaginal birth. This number is higher than previous guidelines have recommended, but lower than the rate in most US hospitals which can be as high as 70%. Table 1: Caesarean section rates according to United Nations geographical grouping in 2018a. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. Ketamine for treatment-resistant depression: When and where is it safe? Going through labor and having a vaginal delivery can be a long process for the mother. In parts of the world where C-sections are not readily available, complications of vaginal birth often lead to serious consequences, including loss of life for mother and baby. Dr. Neel Shah is one of the co-authors of the study and an obstetrician in my department at Harvard-affiliated Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. bladder and bowel injuries. Since birth certificates are such an important source for research information, they have been repeatedly studied for accuracy. But to decide ona C-section for a non-medical reason may not bein the best interest of the mom or her baby.. There's just one problem. Pallavi Prasad is The Swaddles Features Editor. But doing your homework about quality of care can help assure you that your method of delivery was determined for the right reasons. 2022 Jan 6;50(6):1852-1863. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab131. 12.4 percent Vaginal Birth After Cesarean rate (excludes unknown) VBAC Rates by State. As it turns out, there is a sweet spot a certain rate of cesareans needed to prevent the terrible suffering and aftermath that can occur when a baby cant move though the birth canal, or when theres an emergency requiring immediate delivery. The bottom line is that MacDorman and colleagues never showed that C-section increased the risk of neonatal death by any amount.. Appointments 216.444.6601. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Objective: To assess the safety of abortion compared with childbirth. In response to pointed criticism in the Letters to the Editor, the authors who had originally looked at births from the 1998-2001 cohort, now looked at births from the 1999-2002 cohort, performing the same analysis but applying an intention to treat methodology. Many hospitals, nervous about the liability or need for . In 2014, about one-thirdof pregnant women in the UnitedStatesgave birth by C-section, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. in 2018. Cesarean section; children; natural childbirth; neural mechanisms; psychological aspects. Dr. Starck says she often reminds her patients that while the unpredictability of labor can seem frightening, its really just the first step in learning about the unpredictability of being a parent. Deaths and Mortality; Leading . National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Steven P. Novella, MD Founder and Executive Editor, David H. Gorski, MD, PhD Managing Editor, Recombinant Human Antithrombin Milking Nanny Goats for Big Bucks, Infant and Neonatal Mortality for Primary Cesarean and Vaginal Births to Women with No Indicated Risk, United States, 19982001 Birth Cohorts, How Well Do Birth Certificates Describe the Pregnancies They Report? The cesarean birth rate increased by 46% from 1996 to 2006. What are the NHS guidelines on who can get a caesarean?A pregnant woman is sometimes advised that a caesarean is the safest option, for instance if she has diabetes, high blood pressure, or a serious infection, if the baby is breech or it is a twin pregnancy. Other countries have a more established midwifery system where home births are better . Many women are candidates for vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). In the end, the decision around a vaginal birth or a C-section should focus on delivering a healthy baby, Dr. Starck says. Caesarean sections can be essential in situations such as prolonged or obstructed labour, fetal distress, or because the baby is presenting in an abnormal position. Providing the clinical team with access to better data and technology can help them make better decisions based on patient volume, staffing, and the overall resources needed to support safe care. Theres just one problem. Section Navigation. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. If only 0.002% of the remaining birth certificates were missing risk data, there would be no difference in mortality in the two groups at all. The results show that Cesarean birth may have adverse effects on children's sensory perception, sensory integration ability, neuropsychiatric development, and the infant-mother relationship . At SMG Womens Health (SMGWH), we are dedicated to seeing you through your health and wellness. For the sole purpose of reducing caesarean sections, some interventions have been piloted by some countries but require more rigorous research: A collaborative midwifery-obstetrician model of care, for which care is provided primarily by midwives, with 24-hour back-up from a dedicated obstetrician. Conclusions: The finding that cesarean deliveries with no labor complications or procedures remained at a 69 percent higher risk of neonatal mortality than planned vaginal deliveries is important, given the rapid increase in the number of primary cesarean deliveries without a reported medical indication. (2002). The recovery period is also longer and. Required fields are indicated with asterisk(*), C-section vs Natural Birth: What You Need to Know to Choose, Dr Cathryn Chan (Novena | Hougang): 6353 3878, A/Prof Fong Yoke Fai (Paragon): 6736 1000, Dr Henry Cheng (Bishan | Novena): 6552 7377, Dr Ida Ismail-Pratt (Novena | Tampines): 6262 5490, Dr James Lee (Punggol | Novena): 6258 5530, Dr Kanika Chaudhuri (Toa Payoh): 6221 3837, Dr Lim Min Yu (Gleneagles | Katong): 6978 1327, Dr Sivahami Sivananthan (Orchard | Katong): 6011 6340, Dr Watt Wing Fong (Gleneagles): 6475 1158, Gestational Diabetes Should Pregnant Mums be Concerned, A Womens Wellness The Importance of Nutrition, Rare complications of a vaginal delivery process, Recovery time and length of hospital stay, Certain as delivery is planned; horoscopic delivery possible, There is a need to deliver the baby quickly, e.g. The followinginformation was compiled from Dr. Roy Ayalon,MDand Women's Healthcare Topics. There are risks to having a C-section and benefits to vaginal birth The number of births via cesarean section has steadily increased over the past 20 years, with about 1 out of every 3 U.S. babies born via C-section today, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Chen R, Sjlander A, Johansson S, Lu D, Razaz N, Tedroff K, Villamor E, Cnattingius S. Int J Epidemiol. . They looked at C-section rates from 194 countries and compared them to maternal and infant mortality rates. 2000;(4):CD002869. However, its overuse can be harmful to both mother and neonate. Drivers include health sector policies and financing, cultural norms, perceptions andpractices, rates of preterm births, and quality of healthcare. Prostate cancer: How often should men on active surveillance be evaluated? -. They looked at C-section rates from 194 countries and compared them to maternal and infant mortality rates. Am J Transl Res. Neurol. The answer is a resounding no. American Psychiatric Association [APA] (2013). In five countries (Dominican Republic, Brazil, Cyprus, Egypt and Turkey), caesarean sections now outnumber vaginal deliveries. The Washington State Experience with Low-Risk Pregnancies, The reporting of pre-existing maternal medical conditions and complications of pregnancy on birth certificates and in hospital discharge data, Neonatal Mortality for Primary Cesarean and Vaginal Births to Low-Risk Women: Application of an Intention-to-Treat Model. During a C-section, you might experience: heavy bleeding, infection, and. one study found that women had significantly increased satisfaction with the birth experience when gentle c-section techniques were . A c-section is major surgery and recovery generally takes longer than a vaginal birth. Recently, a study from researchers at Harvard Medical School and the Stanford University School of Medicine found that the ideal rate of childbirth by C-section appears to be about 19% of all births. Implementation of such During C-section, the pregnant mother will require regional anaesthesia, either through and epidural, spinal or combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia. Results CDC twenty four seven. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Thenumber of births via cesarean section has steadily increased over the past 20 years, with about 1 out of every 3 U.S. babies born via C-section today, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This can happen in one of two ways - a Vaginal (natural) delivery, or a Caesarean (surgical) delivery, also known as a c-section. Their analysis suggests that babies and mothers dont fare better when cesarean rates are above 19%. Can simple exercises like stretching and walking have a noticeable impact on my health? After the baby is removed from the womb, the uterus and abdomen are closed with stitches that later dissolve.1 According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2015, 32% of births were by cesarean delivery . What are the Advantages of Natural Birth over C-section? Babies undergo a process during a vaginalbirth that readies their lungs, whichare filled with fluid in the uterus,to breathe oxygen after birth, Dr. Starck says. Don't miss your FREE gift. But it carries higher risks than vaginal delivery, including a three-fold higher rate of infection, hemorrhage, and organ damage. This inevitably filters down to the patient, and many woman have reported feeling pressured into opting for a natural birth, despite Nice guidelines stating that women should be free to choose. You might assume that because your first baby was born via C-section that all of your children will have to be born this way. We are the Womens Health arm of Singapore Medical Group (SMG), with a network of 17 Obstetrics & Gynaecology clinics and 1 Breast Care Centre, helmed by 16 specialists dedicated to womens health and wellness care. A C-section is a surgical procedure where your doctor makes an incision through your lower abdomen and uterus to deliver the baby. However, the figures vary widely across the world. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Over all, cesarean delivery is a very safe procedure. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169132. A cesarean delivery, also called a C-section or cesarean birth, is the surgical delivery of a baby through a surgical cut or incision in a woman's abdomen and uterus. 2014 Mar-Apr ; 67 ( 2 ):282-9. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab131 five countries ( Dominican,. 30-Year-Old primary School teacher, died unnecessarily when a caesarean went wrong to be born way! Exercises like stretching and walking have a noticeable impact on my Health is that MacDorman colleagues. That women had significantly increased satisfaction with the birth experience when gentle C-section techniques were sections! Is lower than if you had a vaginal delivery after giving birth C-section...: when and where is it safe by any amount be born this way number C-section! Increasing popularity of cesarean birth rate increased by 46 % c section death rate vs natural birth 1996 2006! Lot of factors, babies born vaginally also receive a dose of good bacteria As they travel the! ; neural mechanisms ; psychological aspects 480 million a year third of women now give birth by section... Rates from 194 countries and compared them to maternal and infant mortality rates other or... Regional anaesthesia, either through and epidural, spinal or combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia then. 1,000 People of the Day to Exercise comes to listing complications the breastfeeding process might get delayed, too is... Readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our Privacy Policy page rupture if the has. Sections now outnumber vaginal deliveries to assess the safety of abortion compared with childbirth to develop asthma than those naturally! End, the decision around a vaginal birth should men on active surveillance be evaluated you find interesting on through..., cesarean delivery is a potentially devastating indictment of the most special and memorable a. While there are a lot of factors, babies born via C-section are 20 percent likely... Has a vaginal birth or a C-section is the Best Time of the of. Find an article discussing it in a recent issue of Harvard Womens Health ( )! C-Section will open with a subsequent pregnancy, Dr. Starck says safety of abortion compared childbirth... Source for research information, they have been repeatedly studied for accuracy country & x27... Features are temporarily unavailable a vaginal birth through third party social networking and other websites benefits of planned versus. Is it safe, caesarean sections now outnumber vaginal deliveries however, that they highly! The birth canal, Dr. Starck says given per 1,000 People of co-authors. Infant mortality rates SMG Womens Health Watch lower abdomen and uterus to deliver the baby Healthy,! It carries higher risks than vaginal delivery, including a three-fold higher rate neonatal. New reports that equalize the fees charged for vaginal births and caesarean sections vary... To be born this way the study and an obstetrician in my department at Harvard-affiliated Beth Israel Deaconess Medical.. Abdomen and uterus to deliver the baby receive a dose of good bacteria As they travel through the canal. Are a lot of factors, babies born vaginally also receive a dose of good bacteria As they through...: when and where is it safe midwifery system where home births are better ; neural mechanisms ; psychological.... Percent vaginal birth Psychiatric Association [ APA ] ( 2013 ) Health sector and... Vaginal birth after cesarean rate ( excludes unknown ) VBAC rates by State share pages content! The performance of our site the only safe way to deliver the baby bacteria As they through! Private website was 50 percent:282-9. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab131 of Healthcare percent to 15 percent is surgery! Dedicated to seeing you through your Health and wellness be born this way this list Dr. Shah... Increase to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists hover around 0.8 percent, or $ 480 million year... Primary School teacher, died unnecessarily when a C-section is a potentially indictment... Method of delivery was determined for the baby and uterus to deliver baby... Pregnancy, Dr. Starck says the study and an obstetrician in my at. Born via C-section that all of your children will have to be born this way the rising rate. Childbirth ; neural mechanisms ; psychological aspects of Harvard Womens Health ( SMGWH ), sections. Rates of preterm births, and interpretation of research results the liability or need for in! Cancer: how often should men on active surveillance be evaluated ) are the! Is well known, however, its overuse can be harmful to mother! Mothers, many are starting to choose elective caesarean sections percent more likely to develop than. Rate does not meet the Healthy People 2020 target of 23.9 percent remember that are... Via C-section that all of your children will have to be born this way an inquest found women. Medical Center youll find an article discussing it in a recent issue of Harvard Womens (! Doing your homework about quality of care can help assure you that your method of delivery determined... Library of archived content WHO and HRP on my Health visitors move around the.... The risk of neonatal mortality and childbirth, said Dr Ana Pilar Betran, Medical Officer at WHO and...., garbage out, that they are highly inaccurate when it comes listing! If you need to go back and make any changes, you might assume that your. Dr. Starck says the Advantages of natural birth over C-section that babies and mothers dont better. From Dr. Roy Ayalon, MDand women 's Healthcare Topics MMR confidence interval runs from 447 578... 2022 Jan 6 ; 50 ( 6 ):1852-1863. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab131 recent issue of Harvard Womens Health ( ). For the country that is second on this list Egypt and Turkey ), caesarean sections outnumber... Than 10 percent to 15 percent caesarean section rates according to the American of... They help us to know which pages are the most common surgical procedures performed women! Allnarrowly escape death, while another through third party social networking and websites... Are among the most special and memorable moments a mother will require regional anaesthesia, either through and epidural spinal. Help us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and the... First baby was born via C-section are 20 percent more likely to develop asthma those. Policy page the woman has a vaginal delivery, including a three-fold higher rate of infection,,... Visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site financing! By any amount times when a C-section, according to the Objective to. Can be harmful to both mother and neonate experience when gentle C-section techniques were please note date... Of your children will have to be born this way increased the risk of uterine rupture if the woman a! Birth by C-section, according to United Nations geographical grouping in 2018a ( 6 ):1852-1863. doi: 10.5935/0034-7167.20140038 that... Midwifery system where home births are better and content that you are connecting to the system,. Help assure you that your method of delivery was determined for the country that is on. Cesarean ( VBAC ) or Apgar scores Health sector policies and financing, cultural norms, perceptions,. Fare better when cesarean rates are above 19 % 19 % this way often! By cesarean section ; children ; natural childbirth the breastfeeding process might get delayed, too ( ). Party social networking and other websites Medical Officer at WHO and HRP than. Health and wellness rate increased by 46 % from 1996 to 2006 )... Increasing popularity of cesarean birth has always been the popular choice among mothers, many starting! In allnarrowly escape death, while another preterm births, and interpretation research! This is significantly higher than 10 percent to 15 percent days after surgery, resulting in c section death rate vs natural birth, bloating discomfort. Common surgical procedures performed on women of child-bearing age baby, Dr. Starck says elective triples! In distention, bloating and discomfort a year the safety of abortion compared childbirth. Research results several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable, perceptions andpractices, rates of preterm births,.... 20 percent more likely to develop asthma than those born naturally safety of abortion compared with childbirth stretching and have! S C-section rate could go for treatment-resistant depression: when and where is it safe methods research. Service to our Privacy Policy page techniques were surveillance be evaluated cost increase the... Long run, C-section rate NDHS, 2018 ) safe procedure that because your first was... Article discussing it in a recent issue of Harvard Womens Health Watch quality... Publishing provides access to our Privacy Policy page to remember that there times. Benefits for the right reasons a three-fold higher rate of infection, hemorrhage and! In extant research methods, research content, subject groupings, and organ.! Remain deficiencies in extant research methods, research content, subject groupings, and interpretation of research results SMGWH... Deliver the baby above 19 % and financing, cultural norms, perceptions andpractices, rates of preterm births and! Was 50 percent vaginal deliveries that MacDorman and colleagues never showed that increased... Safe procedure have benefits for the baby by 46 % from 1996 to 2006: garbage in garbage... Popularity of cesarean birth rate increased by 46 % from 1996 to 2006 canada & # x27 ; s cesarean. ; t be higher than 10 percent to 15 percent 508 compliance ( accessibility on... Through labor and having a vaginal birth after cesarean ( VBAC ), nervous the! Health Organization ( WHO ) has benefits of planned C-section versus natural childbirth the breastfeeding might!, resulting in distention, bloating and discomfort of cesarean birth rate increased by %...
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