While mostly led by free blacks, most of their members were slaves. [216], Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy. Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Arab states and Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa. [48], In 1820, AME Zion Church members began further separation from the ME Church. Free blacks in both northern and southern cities formed their own congregations and churches before the end of the 18th century. The term can also refer to individual congregations. [31] Nevertheless, some denominations have been discussing this issue. [165], Among Americans today, levels of Native American ancestry (distinct from Native American identity) differ. Churches in Harlem have undertaken real estate ventures and renovated burnt-out and abandoned brownstones to create new housing for residents. Blacks found opportunities to have active roles in new congregations, especially in the Baptist Church, where slaves were appointed as leaders and preachers. In the late 18th century, former slave Richard Allen, a Methodist preacher, was an influential deacon and elder at the integrated and affluent St. George's Methodist Church in Philadelphia. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 US Census. His early preaching was encouraged by his master, Henry Sharp. However, Charles Price Jones and J. Richard Allen, a Methodist preacher, wanted to continue with the Methodist tradition. Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate[86] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,[87] and median personal income[88] of any racial demographic in the nation. [9], The postwar years were marked by a separatist impulse as blacks exercised the right to move and gather beyond white supervision or control. Believe on the Lord Jesus for remission of sins (Acts 10:43, 16:31). During the Middle Archaic period, Louisiana was the site of the earliest mound complex in North America and one of the earliest dated, complex constructions in the Americas, the Watson Brake site near present-day Monroe.An 11-mound complex, it was built about 5400 BP (3500 BC). The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. He built a congregation and founded the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). According to Allen, "we all went out of the church in one body, and they were no longer plagued by us". [5], Both free blacks and the more numerous slaves participated in the earliest black Baptist congregations founded near Petersburg, Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Lexington, Kentucky, before 1800. 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