Prophylaxis in patients with recurrent episodes: Non-Traumatic Spine and Spinal Cord Conditions, Disability, pain and outcome determinations, Initial assessment of the patient with back pain, Red flags in the history and physical exam for low back problems, Indications for surgery for herniated lumbar disc, Indications for fusion for chronic LBP without stenosis or spondylolisthesis, Arachnoiditis (AKA adhesive arachnoiditis), CT scan without and with IV (iodinated) contrast, Treatment of failed back surgery syndrome, Lumbar and Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation / Radiculopathy, Lumbar disc herniation and lumbar radiculopathy, Other signs useful in evaluation for lumbar radiculopathy, Surgical options for lumbar radiculopathy, Adjunctive treatment in lumbar laminectomy, Herniated upper lumbar discs (levels L12, L23, and L34), Discs herniated beyond (lateral to) the foramen, Cervical disc herniation general information, Cervical nerve root syndromes (cervical radiculopathy), Cervical myelopathy and SCI due to cervical disc herniation, Physical exam for cervical disc herniation, Signs useful in evaluating cervical radiculopathy, Anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF), Esophageal perforation after anterior cervical spine surgery, Pseudarthrosis (or pseudoarthrosis) following ACDF, Posterior cervical decompression (cervical laminectomy), Degenerative Cervical Disc Disease and Cervical Myelopathy, Cervical disc degeneration general information, Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring, Coincident cervical and lumbar spinal stenosis, Thoracic and Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease, Degenerative disc disease general information, Laminectomy/laminotomysurgical technique, Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) decompression, Interspinous process decompression/stabilization/fusion, Isthmic spondylolisthesis (spondylolysis)pars interarticularis defect, Adult Spinal Deformity and Degenerative Scoliosis, Adult spinal deformity - general information, SRS-Schwab classification of adult spinal deformity, Surgical options for increasing lumbar lordosis, Symptoms that may be related to the Pagets disease itself, Surgical indications for spinal Pagets disease, Anklyosing and ossifying conditions of the spine, Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), Ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL), Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), Miscellaneous conditions affecting the spine, Traumatic spinal epidural hematoma (TSEH) associated with spine fracture, Other Non-Spine Conditions with Spine Implications, Basilar impression in rheumatoid arthritis, Subaxial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis, Atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) in Down syndrome, Special Conditions Affecting the Spinal Cord, The American/English/French Connection classification, Craniocervical junction and upper cervical spine abnormalities, Aneurysms Introduction, Grading, Special Conditions, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies / World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grading of SAH, Management modifications for pregnant patients, Hyponatremia following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and early brain injury (EBI), Radiographic vasospasm (AKA angiographic vasospasm), Vasodilatation by intra-arterial drug injection, Specific measures for Vasospasm/DCI after aSAH, Cranial neuropathies from aneurysmal compression, Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, Therapies that do not directly address the aneurysm, Endovascular techniques to treat the aneurysm, Treatment decisions: coiling vs. clipping, General technical considerations of aneurysm surgery, Cerebral protection by increasing the ischemic tolerance of the CNS, Adjunctive cerebral protection techniques used in aneurysm surgery, Systematic approach to cerebral protection, Intraoperative and postoperative angiography, Distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms, If additional views are needed to better demonstrate aneurysm, Presentation (excluding incidental discovery), Surgical clipping of VA-PICA junction saccular aneurysms, Surgical clipping of distal PICA aneurysms, Suboccipital approach in lateral oblique position, Recommended follow-up for UIAs treated conservatively, Unruptured cavernous carotid artery aneurysms (CCAAs), Vascular malformations general information and classification, Lifetime risk of hemorrhage/recurrent hemorrhage, Lawton-Young supplementary grading scale for AVMs, Developmental venous anomalies (DVA) (venous angiomas), Angiographically occult vascular malformations, Patients presenting with intracererbal or intraventricular hemorrhage, Stroke and Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease, Stroke General Information and Physiology, Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen utilization, Cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) and cerebral autoregulation, Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO, Collateral circulation for ICA stenosis/occlusion, Collateral circulation for vertebrobasilar stenosis/occlusion, Occlusion of major vessels organized by vascular territories, Evaluation of the extent of carotid disease, Recommendations for screening for carotid stenosis, Choice of imaging test/management decisions, Surgery vs. medical management: the studies, Veterans Administration Cooperative Study (VACS), Mayo Clinic Asymptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy (MACE) Study, Evaluation and Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke, Stroke management general information (time = brain), General management for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), Antiplatelet drugs in AIS - additional info, CAT scan findings with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), Findings at various times after ischemic stroke, Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS), Guidelines for the administration of IV tPA, Carotid endarterectomysurgical considerations, Pre-op management (carotid endarterectomy), Post-op management (carotid endarterectomy), Post-op complications (carotid endarterectomy), Initial management of patient presenting with acute neuro deficit, Indications for emergency carotid endarterectomy, Endovascular thrombolysis and stenting for acute carotid occlusion, Suboccipital craniectomy for cerebellar infarction, Malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction, Hemicraniectomy for malignant MCA territory infarction, Relative frequency of venous structures involved, Suggested criteria for revascularization procedures, The 1985 international EC/IC bypass study, Perioperative complications of EC/IC bypass, Cerebral arterial dissections key concepts, Vertebrobasilar system dissections excluding the VA, Intracerebral hemorrhage general information, Thrombocytopenia or platelet inhibiting drugs, NovoSeven (recombinant activated coagulation factor VII (rFVIIa)), Ventriculostomy (IVC) AKA external ventricular drainage (EVD), Randomized prospective studies (RPS) in the current CT/surgical era, Guidelines for considering surgery vs. medical management, Endoscopic treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage, Surgical techniques for cerebellar hemorrhage, Intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), Pathogenesis of PIVH in the pre-term infant, Differential diagnosis of ventriculomegaly in PIVH, Surgical/interventional treatment for the clot, Temporary ventricular access device (TVAD), Technical considerations for serial taps (via ventricular reservoir or LP), Insertion of VP shunt or conversion of sub-Q reservoir to VP shunt, Other causes of intracerebral hemorrhage in the newborn, Differential Diagnosis by Location or Radiographic Finding Intracranial, Differentiating neuromas of V, VII and VIII cranial nerves, Differentiating vestibular schwannoma from CPA meningioma, Multiple intracranial lesions on CT or MRI, Sellar, suprasellar, and parasellar lesions, Juxtasellar or suprasellar tumors or masses: any of these lesions may extend into the sella, Evaluating roentgenographic skull lucencies, Radiolucent lesion or bone defect in skull (AKA lytic lesions), Diffuse demineralization or destruction of the skull, Diffuse increased density, hyperostosis, or calvarial thickening, Generalized increased density of skull base, Localized increased density or hyperostosis of the calvaria, Combined intracranial/extracranial lesions, Features to help identify type of intraventricular lesions, By location and age within lateral ventricle, Periventricular solid enhancing lesions (in decreasing frequency), Periventricular low density on CT, or high signal on T2WI MRI, Differential Diagnosis by Location or Radiographic Finding Spine, Nodular enhancing lesions in the spinal canal, Diffuse enhancement of nerve roots/cauda equina, Differential Diagnosis (DDx) by Signs and Symptoms Primarily Intracranial, Multiple cranial nerve palsies (cranial neuropathies), Differential Diagnosis (DDx) by Signs and Symptoms Primarily Spine and Other, Features differentiating radiculopathy in sciatica, Hand/UE weakness or atrophy with relatively preserved function in the LEs, Atrophy of the first dorsal interosseous muscle, Radiculopathy, upper extremity (cervical), Intraoperative Dyes, OR Equipment, Surgical Hemostasis & Bone Extenders, Use of bone graft extenders/substitutes as an adjunct to fusion, Craniotomies General Information & Cortical Mapping, Intraoperative cortical mapping (brain mapping), Phase reversal method for localizing primary sensory and motor cortex, For access to the porus acusticus or more caudally, Position, skin incision, craniectomy, approach, Approach to the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), Cranioplasty for suboccipital craniectomy, Post-op considerations for p-fossa craniotomies, Approaches to the Lateral and Third Ventricles, Decompressive Craniectomies & Cranioplasty, Transcallosal approach to lateral or third ventricle, Alternative approaches to third ventricle, Transcortical approach to lateral or third ventricle, Other syndromes related to the bone defect, Posterior fossa decompressive craniectomy, Anterior approaches to the cervical spine, Transoral approach to anterior craniocervical junction, Occipital condyle to C1 polyaxial screw fusion, Occipital-C1 (AKA atlantooccipital) transarticular screws, Surgical technique (excerpted highlights), Posterior arch lateral mass (PALM) C1 screws, Interspinous fusion technique of Dickman and Sonntag, Anterior cervical vertebral body screw-plate fixation, Anterior access to the cervicothoracic junction/upper thoracic spine, Anterior access to mid and lower thoracic spine, Fluoroscopy or laminotomy techniques for thoracic pedicle screw placement, Freehand thoracic pedicle screw placement technique, Uniform entry points for freehand pedicle screws, Anterior access to thoracolumbar junction, Instrumentation/fusion pearls for the lumbar and lumbosacral spine, Open lumbar pedicle screw technique (see below for percutaneous placement), Pedicle screw breach classification grading scales, Lumbar cortical bone trajectory screw fixation, Lumbar cortical bone trajectory screw technique, Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF and TLIF), Minimally invasive lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas interbody fusion, Surgical Technique (MIS retroperitoneal transpsoas approach), Instrumented augmentation (pedicle screws or lateral plate), Post-op clinic visitslumbar and/or thoracic spine fusion, Estimating true WBC count in CSF with a traumatic tap, Estimating true total CSF protein content with a traumatic tap, Risk of acute tonsillar herniation following lumbar puncture, Common ventricular catheter insertion sites, Ventriculostomy/ICP monitor - bedside insertion technique, Ventriculoscopic technique (endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)), Functional Neurosurgery & Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Surgical treatment of Parkinsons disease, Typical targets used in deep brain stimulation, Surgical treatment of spasticity - overview, Surgical therapy for trigeminal neuralgia, Peripheral nerve ablation and neurectomies, Management of surgical treatment failures, Technique: Percutaneous trigeminal radiofrequency rhizotomy (RFR), Percutaneous microcompression rhizolysis balloon (PMC), Microvascular decompression (MVD) for trigeminal neuralgia, Open cervical cordotomy (Schwartz technique), Intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG), Limits of resection (without significant neurologic deficit), MRI guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRGLITT), Postoperative management for seizure surgery (epilepsy surgery), Evaluation (differentiating RN from recurrent tumor), Stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy, Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA, alteplase), Indications for intravenous (IV) thrombolysis with tPA, Diagnostic angiography for cerebral subarachnoid hemorrhage, Treatment of aneurysmal rupture during coiling, Indications for endovascular intervention, Contraindications to endovascular intervention, Complications of angioplasty and stenting, Indications and case selection for intra-arterial tPA (IA-tPA).